Cyclohexanone

History and synthesis

The compound was discovered by in 1888 among the products of AC electrolysis of slightly acidified water solutions of phenol. He named it hydrophenoketone and correctly suggested that phenol was first hydrogenated by electrolytic hydrogen to cyclohexanol, which he wasn't able to isolate, and then oxidized by electrolytic oxygen.

Laboratory synthesis

Cyclohexanone can be prepared from cyclohexanol by oxidation with chromium trioxide (Jones oxidation). An alternative method utilizes the safer and more readily available oxidant sodium hypochlorite.

Industrial production

Cyclohexanone is produced by the oxidation of cyclohexane in air, typically using cobalt catalysts: :C6H12 + O2 → (CH2)5CO + H2O This process forms cyclohexanol as a by-product, and this mixture, called "KA Oil" for ketone-alcohol oil, is the main feedstock for the production of adipic acid. The oxidation involves radicals and the hydroperoxide C6H11O2H as an intermediate. In some cases, purified cyclohexanol, obtained by hydration of cyclohexene, is the precursor. Alternatively, cyclohexanone can be produced by the partial hydrogenation of phenol: :C6H5OH + 2 H2 → (CH2)5CO This process can also be adjusted to favor the formation of cyclohexanol.

ExxonMobil developed a process in which benzene is hydroalkylated to cyclohexylbenzene. This latter product is oxidized to a hydroperoxide and then cleaved into phenol and cyclohexanone. Therefore, this newer process without producing the acetone by-product appears attractive and is similar to the cumene process as a hydroperoxide is formed and then decomposed to yield two key products.

Uses

The great majority of cyclohexanone is consumed in the production of precursors to Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6. About half of the world's supply is converted to adipic acid, one of two precursors for nylon 6,6. For this application, the KA oil (see above) is oxidized with nitric acid. The other half of the cyclohexanone supply is converted to cyclohexanone oxime. In the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst, the oxime rearranges to caprolactam, a precursor to nylon 6: ::[[Image:Caprolactam Synth.png|340px]]

Other reactions

In addition to the large scale reactions conducted in service of the polymer industry, many reactions have been developed for cyclohexanone.

In the presence of light, it undergoes alpha-chlorination to give 2-chlorocyclohexanone. It forms a trimethylsilylenol ether upon treatment with trimethylsilylchloride in the presence of base.

It forms an enamine with pyrrolidine.

Self condensation of cyclohexanone gives cyclohexenylcyclohexanone. The latter undergoes dehydrogenation to give 2-phenylphenol.

Treatment with nitrosyl chloride and ethanol in sulfur dioxide gives the oximinecarboxylic ester: :

Illicit use

Cyclohexanone has been used in the illicit production of phencyclidine and its analogs and is often subject to purchase restrictions, such as being listed on the Special Surveillance List in the US.

Safety

Like cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone is not carcinogenic and is moderately toxic, with a TLV of 25 ppm for the vapor. It is an irritant.

References

References

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