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Crafoord Prize

Prize awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Crafoord Foundation

Field	Value
name	The Crafoord Prize
image	File:The Crafoord Prize 5 2013.jpg
awarded_for	astronomy and mathematics, biosciences, geosciences or polyarthritis research
reward	6,000,000 Swedish kronor
presenter	Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
country	Sweden
year
website

The Crafoord Prize () is an annual science prize established in 1980 by Holger Crafoord, a Swedish industrialist, and his wife Anna-Greta Crafoord following a donation to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is awarded jointly by the Academy and the Crafoord Foundation in Lund, with the former selecting the laureates. The Prize is awarded in four categories: mathematics and astronomy, geosciences, biosciences (with an emphasis on ecology) and polyarthritis, the final one because Holger suffered from severe rheumatoid arthritis in his later years.

The disciplines for which the Crafoord Prize is awarded are chosen so as to complement the Nobel Prizes. Only one award is given each year, according to a rotating scheme – astronomy and mathematics, then polyarthritis, geosciences and biosciences. Since 2012, the prizes in astronomy and mathematics are separate and awarded at the same time; prior to this, the disciplines alternated every cycle. The Crafoord Prize in polyarthritis was previously only awarded when a special committee decided that substantial progress in the field had been made.

The recipient of the Crafoord Prize is announced every year in mid-January and the prize is presented in April or May on "Crafoord Days", by a member of the Monarchy of Sweden. , the prize money is 6,000,000 Swedish kronor (US$560,000), roughly half that of the Nobel Prizes.

The Prize is usually awarded to one recipient, but there can be as many as three. The inaugural laureates, Vladimir Arnold and Louis Nirenberg, were awarded the prize in 1982 for their work in the field of non-linear differential equations. Since then, the winners of the Prize have predominantly been men. The first woman to be awarded the Prize was astronomer Andrea Ghez in 2012.

Laureates

Year	Category	Image	Laureate(s)	Rationale	Ref.	1982
Mathematics	[[File:Vladimir Arnold-1.jpg	75px	alt=Vladimir Arnold]]	Vladimir Arnold	“for their outstanding achievements in the theory of non-linear differential equations”
[[File:Louis Nirenberg.jpeg	75px	alt=Louis Nirenberg]]	Louis Nirenberg
Geosciences	[[File:EdwardLorenz.jpg	75px]]	Edward Norton Lorenz	“for their fundamental contributions to the field of geophysical hydrodynamics, which in a unique way have contributed to a deeper understanding of the large-scale motions of the atmosphere and the sea”
[[File:Stommel about n1 35630.jpg	75px	alt=Henry Stommel]]	Henry Stommel
Biosciences	[[File:Daniel Janzen (3214457162) (cropped).jpg	75px	alt=Daniel Janzen]]	Daniel H. Janzen	“for his imaginative and stimulating studies on co-evolution which have inspired many researchers to further work in this field”
Astronomy	[[File:1946- Lyman Spitzer (4526166350).jpg	75px	alt=Lyman Spitzer]]	Lyman Spitzer	“for his fundamental pioneering studies of practically every aspect of the interstellar medium, culminating in the results obtained using the Copernicus satellite”
Geosciences	[[File:Claude Allègre, 2009 (cropped).jpg	75px	alt=Claude Allègre]]	Claude Allègre	“for their pioneering studies of isotope geochemical relations and the geological interpretations that these results permit”
—	Gerald J. Wasserburg
Biosciences	—	Eugene Odum	“for their pioneering contributions within the field of ecosystem ecology”
—	Howard T. Odum
Mathematics	[[File:Pierre Deligne (2005) (cropped).jpg	75px	alt=Pierre Deligne]]	Pierre Deligne	“for their fundamental research in algebraic geometry”
[[File:Alexander Grothendieck.jpg	75px	alt=Alexander Grothendieck]]	Alexander Grothendieck
Geosciences	[[File:VanAllen.gif	75px	alt=James Van Allen]]	James Van Allen	“for his pioneering exploration of space, in particular the discovery of the energetic particles trapped in the geomagnetic field which forms the radiation belts - the Van Allen belts - around the planet Earth”
Biosciences	[[File:Paul Ehrlich - 1974.jpg	75px	alt=Paul R. Ehrlich]]	Paul R. Ehrlich	“for his research on the dynamics and genetics of fragmented populations and the importance of the distribution pattern for their survival probabilities”
[[File:Edward O. Wilson, 2003 (cropped).jpg	75px	alt=Edward Osborne Wilson]]		E. O. Wilson	“for the theory of island biogeography and other research on species diversity and community dynamics on islands and in other habitats with differing degrees of isolation”
Astronomy	[[File:Allan Sandage.jpg	75px]]	Allan Sandage	“for his very important contributions to the study of galaxies, their populations of stars, clusters and nebulae, their evolution, the velocity-distance relation (or Hubble relation), and its evolution over time”
Geosciences	—	Adolf Seilacher	“for his innovative research concerning the evolution of life in interaction with the environment as documented in the geological record”
Biosciences	—	W. D. Hamilton	“for his theories concerning kin selection and genetic relationship as a prerequisite for the evolution of altruistic behavior”
[[File:Seymour Benzer.gif	75px	alt=Seymour Benzer]]	Seymour Benzer	“for his pioneering genetical and neurophysiological studies on behavioural mutants in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster”
Mathematics	[[File:Simon Donaldson.jpg	75px	alt=Simon Donaldson]]	Simon Donaldson	"for his fundamental investigations in four-dimensional geometry through application of instantos in particular his new discovery of new differential invariants"
[[File:Shing-Tung Yau.jpg	75px	alt=Shing-Tung Yau]]	Shing-Tung Yau	“for his development of non-linear techniques in differential geometry leading the solution of several outstanding problems”
Geosciences	—	Willi Dansgaard	“for their fundamental work on developing and applying isotope geological analysis methods for the study of climatic variations during the Quaternary period”
—	Nicholas Shackleton
Biosciences	[[File:BobMayHarvard.jpg	75px	alt=Robert May]]	Robert May	“for his pioneering ecological research concerning theoretical analysis of the dynamics of populations, communities and ecosystems”
Astronomy	[[File:Fred Hoyle 1967.jpg	75px	alt=Fred Hoyle]]	Fred Hoyle	“for their pioneering contributions to the study of nuclear processes in stars and stellar evolution”
—	Edwin Ernest Salpeter
Geosciences	[[File:Don L. Anderson portrait photo.jpg	75px	alt=Don L. Anderson]]	Don L. Anderson	“for their fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the structures and processes in the interior of the Earth”
[[File:Adam Dziewoński, Schlosshotel Linderhof - 09150004 ff34219 03 (cropped).jpg	75px	alt=Adam Dziewoński]]	Adam M. Dziewonski
Biosciences	[[File:Ernst Mayr, 1994 (cropped).jpg	75px	alt=Ernst Mayr]]	Ernst Mayr	“for their fundamental contributions to the conceptual development of evolutionary biology”
[[File:John Maynard Smith.jpg	75px	alt=John Maynard Smith]]	John Maynard Smith
—	George Christopher Williams
Polyarthritis	—	Marc Feldmann	“for their definition of TNF-alpha as a therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis”
[[File:MainiFotoThalerT.JPG	75px	alt=Ravinder N. Maini]]	Ravinder N. Maini
Mathematics	[[File:Alain Connes.jpg	75px	alt=Alain Connes]]	Alain Connes	“for his penetrating work on the theory of operator algebras and for having been a founder of non-commutative geometry”
Geosciences	—	Dan McKenzie	“for fundamental contributions to the understanding of the dynamics of the lithosphere, particularly plate tectonics, sedimentary basin formation and mantle melting”
Biosciences	[[File:Carl Woese.jpg	75px	alt= Carl Woese]]	Carl Woese	“for his discovery of a third domain of life”
Polyarthritis	—	Eugene C. Butcher	“for their studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in migration of white blood cells in health and disease”
—	Timothy A. Springer
Astronomy	[[File:JamesEGunn2000 (cropped).jpg	75px	alt=James E. Gunn]]	James E. Gunn	“for contributions towards understanding the large-scale structure of the Universe”
[[File:Jim Peebles (cropped 2).jpg	75px	alt=James Peebles]]	James Peebles
[[File:Official portrait of Lord Rees of Ludlow crop 3.jpg	75px	alt=Martin Rees]]	Martin Rees
Geosciences	[[File:Wally Broecker, c. 2010.jpg	75px	alt=Wallace Smith Broecker]]	Wallace Smith Broecker	“for his innovative and pioneering research on the operation of the global carbon cycle within the ocean atmosphere-biosphere system, and its interaction with climate”
Biosciences	—	Robert Trivers	“for his fundamental analysis of social evolution, conflict and cooperation”
Astronomy	[[File:Sunyaev.jpg	75px	alt=Rashid Sunyaev]]	Rashid Alievich Sunyaev	“for his decisive contributions to high energy astrophysics and cosmology, in particular processes and dynamics around black holes and neutron stars and demonstration of the diagnostic power of structures in the background radiation”
Mathematics	[[File:Maxim Kontsevich 1994 (headshot).jpg	75px	alt=Maxim Kontsevich]]	Maxim Kontsevich	“for their important contributions to mathematics inspired by modern theoretical physics”
[[File:Edward Witten.jpg	75px	alt=Edward Witten]]	Edward Witten
Polyarthritis	[[File:Charles Dinarello 2010-04.JPG	75px	alt=Charles Dinarello]]	Charles Dinarello	“for their pioneering work to isolate interleukins, determine their properties and explore their role in the onset of inflammatory diseases”
[[File:Crafoordpriset 2009-press conference 07.jpg	75px	alt=Tadamitsu Kishimoto]]	Tadamitsu Kishimoto
[[File:Crafoordpriset 2009-press conference 20.jpg	75px	alt=Toshio Hirano]]	Toshio Hirano
Geosciences	[[File:Crafoordprize 2010-03.jpg	75px	alt=Walter Munk]]	Walter Munk	“for his pioneering and fundamental contributions to our understanding of ocean circulation, tides and waves, and their role in the Earth’s dynamics”
Biosciences	[[File:Ilkka Hanski.jpg	75px	alt=Ilkka Hanski]]	Ilkka Hanski	"for his pioneering studies on how spatial variation affects the dynamics of animal and plant populations"
Astronomy	[[File:Reinhard Genzel.jpg	75px	alt=Reinhard Genzel]]	Reinhard Genzel	"for their observations of the stars orbiting the galactic centre, indicating the presence of a supermassive black hole"
[[File:Andrea Ghez (cropped).jpg	75px	alt=Andrea Ghez]]	Andrea M. Ghez
Mathematics	[[File:Jean Bourgain (vertical crop).jpg	75px	alt=Jean Bourgain]]	Jean Bourgain	"for their brilliant and groundbreaking work in harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, ergodic theory, number theory, combinatorics, functional analysis and theoretical computer science"
[[File:Ttao2006.jpg	75px	alt=Terence Tao]]	Terence Tao
Polyarthritis	[[File:Peter K. Gregersen 3 2013.jpg	75px	alt=Peter K. Gregersen]]	Peter K. Gregersen	"for their discoveries concerning the role of different genetic factors and their interactions with environmental factors in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis"
[[File:Lars Klareskog 3 2013.jpg	75px	alt=Lars Klareskog]]	Lars Klareskog
[[File:Robert J. Winchester 3 2013.jpg	75px	alt=Robert J. Winchester]]	Robert J. Winchester
Geosciences	—	Peter Molnar	"for his ground-breaking contribution to the understanding of global tectonics, in particular the deformation of continents and the structure and evolution of mountain ranges, as well as the impact of tectonic processes on ocean-atmosphere circulation and climate"
Biosciences	—	Richard Lewontin	"for their pioneering analyses and fundamental contributions to the understanding of genetic polymorphism"
[[File:Tomoko Harada cropped 2 Tomoko Harada 201611.png	75px	alt=Tomoko Ohta]]	Tomoko Ohta
Astronomy	[[File:Roy Kerr 2016 01.jpg	75px	alt=Roy Kerr]]	Roy Kerr	"for fundamental work concerning rotating black holes and their astrophysical consequences"
[[File:Roger_Blandford_and_Roy_Kerr_2016_05_(cropped).jpg	75px	alt=Roger Blandford]]	Roger Blandford
	Mathematics	[[File:Yakov Eliashberg 2016 04.jpg	75px	alt=Yakov Eliashberg]]	Yakov Eliashberg	"for the development of contact and symplectic topology and groundbreaking discoveries of rigidity and flexibility phenomena"
Polyarthritis	[[File:Shimon Sakaguchi cropped 3 Shimon Sakaguchi 201711.jpg	75px	alt=Shimon Sakaguchi]]	Shimon Sakaguchi	"for their discoveries relating to regulatory T cells, which counteract harmful immune reactions in arthritis and other autoimmune diseases"
	Fred Ramsdell
[[File:Alexander Rudensky 2013 (cropped).jpg	75px	alt=Alexander Rudensky]]	Alexander Rudensky
Geosciences	[[File:Crafoord Prize EM1B0732 (42329290061).jpg	75px	alt=Syukuro Manabe]]	Syukuro Manabe	"for fundamental contributions to understanding the role of atmospheric trace gases in Earth’s climate system"
[[File:Crafoord Prize EM1B0739 (28456528038).jpg	75px	alt=Susan Solomon]]	Susan Solomon
Biosciences	[[File:Sallie Chisholm.jpg	75px	alt=Sallie W. Chisholm]]	Sallie W. Chisholm	"for the discovery and pioneering studies of the most abundant photosynthesising organism on Earth, Prochlorococcus"
Astronomy	[[File:Dr. Eugene PKSC-20180809-PH KLS02 0003arker Speaks to Media (30123740568) (portrait).jpg	75px	alt=Eugene N. Parker]]	Eugene N. Parker	"for pioneering and fundamental studies of the solar wind and magnetic fields from stellar to galactic scales"
Mathematics	[[File:Enrico Bombieri.jpg	75px	alt=Enrico Bombieri]]	Enrico Bombieri	"for outstanding and influential contributions in all the major areas of mathematics, particularly number theory, analysis and algebraic geometry"
Polyarthritis	[[File:Daniel L. Kastner (portrait).jpg	75px	alt=Daniel Kastner]]	Daniel L. Kastner	"for establishing the concept of autoinflammatory diseases"
Geosciences	[[File:Andrew-Herbert-Knoll-ForMemRS (cropped).jpg	75px	alt=Andrew K. Knoll]]	Andrew H. Knoll	"for fundamental contributions to our understanding of the first three billion years of life on Earth and life’s interactions with the physical environment through time"
Biosciences	—	Dolph Schluter	"for fundamental contributions to the understanding of adaptive radiation and ecological speciation"
Astronomy	—	Douglas Gough	"for developing the methods of asteroseismology and their application to the study of the interior of the Sun and of other stars"
[[File:Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard, Rasmus Roerbaek.jpg	75px	alt=Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard]]	Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard
[[File:Conny Aerts presenting in 2023.jpg	75px	alt=Conny Aerts]]	Conny Aerts
	Mathematics	[[File:2009-Claire-Voisin-Scotland.jpg	75px	alt=Claire Voisin]]	Claire Voisin	"for outstanding contributions to complex and algebraic geometry, including Hodge theory, algebraic cycles, and hyperkähler geometry"
Polyarthritis	—	Christopher Goodnow	"for the discovery of fundamental mechanisms for B cell tolerance."
—	David Nemazee
Geosciences	—	Veerabhadran Ramanathan	"for fundamental contributions to our understanding of how aerosol particles and other climate pollutants influence the atmospheric energy balance and the Earth system."

Notes

References

Sources

References

"The Crafoord Prize". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
"About the Crafoord Prize". [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]].
"The Crafoord Prize -".
"The Crafoord Prize 1982–2024". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
Schmeck Jr., Harold M.. (27 June 1982). "American and Russian Share Prize in Mathematics". [[The New York Times]].
(2 October 1984). "Penn prof wins ecology prize". [[Pittsburgh Press]].
(19 September 1987). "UF Professor wins top science prize". [[Miami Herald]].
(28 September 1989). "Sweden honors Van Allen for work". [[Iowa City Press-Citizen]].
Galloway, Paul. (16 March 1990). "Giant of the ant world". [[Chicago Tribune]].
(1 April 1990). "People: Two Population Biologists Share $240,000 1990 Swedish Crafoord Prize".
(2 October 1992). "Crafoord Prize goes for research on evolution". [[The Cincinnati Enquirer]].
Brozan, Nadine. (18 January 1994). "Chronicle". [[The New York Times]].
Blair, Cynthia. (28 February 1999). "In Brief; Two Island Scientists To Receive Honors". [[The New York Times]].
(13 January 2000). "The Crafoord Prize 2000". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
(21 August 2021). "U. of I. professor wins Crafoord Prize". [[Chicago Tribune]].
(29 January 2004). "The Crafoord Prize in Polyarthritis 2004". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
(27 January 2005). "Cosmologists win Crafoord award". [[IOP Publishing]].
(18 January 2007). "American scientists win Crafoord prize".
Johnston, Hamish. (18 January 2008). "String theorists and astrophysicist share Crafoord Prize". [[IOP Publishing]].
(15 January 2009). "The Crafoord Prize in Polyarthritis 2009". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
(20 January 2011). "The Crafoord Prize in Biosciences 2011". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
MacKenzie, Dana. (19 January 2022). "Crafoord Prizes Announced".
(16 January 2014). "The Crafoord Prize in Geosciences 2014". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
(15 January 2015). "The Crafoord Prize in Biosciences 2015". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
(14 January 2016). "The Crafoord Prizes in Mathematics and Astronomy 2016". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
"Two legendary climate researchers receive this year's Crafoord Prize". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
(17 January 2019). "The Crafoord Prizes in Biosciences 2019". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
(30 January 2020). "The Crafoord Prizes in Mathematics and Astronomy 2020". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
(31 January 2021). "The Crafoord Prize in Polyarthritis 2021". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
(30 January 2022). "The Crafoord Prize in Geosciences 2022". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
(30 January 2023). "Studies of how new species arise are rewarded with the Crafoord Prize". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
(30 January 2024). "This year's Crafoord Laureates can see inside stars and describe geometric shapes". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
(30 January 2025). "Crafoord Prize Laureates discovered mechanisms that prevent autoimmune disease". Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund.
[https://www.crafoordprize.se/news/crafoord-prize-laureate-showed-that-many-factors-affect-the-climate/ Crafoord Prize 2026]

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