Court of Justice of the European Union

Composition

The CJEU consists of two major courts:

1. the Court of Justice, informally known as European Court of Justice (ECJ), has the competence to hear applications from national courts for preliminary rulings on the interpretation of EU law, direct actions against EU member states for failure to fulfil an obligation, direct actions against EU institutions for annulment and for failure to act, as well as to hear appeals on points of law in rulings and orders of the General Court. The Court of Justice is composed of one judge from each EU member state (currently 27), assisted by 11 Advocates General. If assigned to a case, an Advocate General prepares an independent, non-binding opinion to assist the court in its deliberations.
2. the General Court, known prior to the Treaty of Lisbon as the Court of First Instance, has the competence to hear actions brought by natural or legal persons against acts of EU institutions and agencies, actions brought by EU member states against the Commission or Council, actions for damages caused by EU institutions or agencies, actions relating to intellectual property, actions relating to employment and social security disputes between EU institutions and their staff, as well as limited applications from national courts for preliminary rulings. The General Court is composed of two judges from each EU member state (currently 54), though only 53 seats are currently filled. Judges and Advocates General are appointed for a "renewable 6-year term, jointly by national governments".

Function

The CJEU's specific mission is to ensure that "the law is observed" "in the interpretation and application" of the Treaties of the European Union. To achieve this, it:

• reviews the legality of actions taken by the EU's institutions;
• enforces compliance by member states with their obligations under the Treaties, and
• interprets European Union law. The composition and functioning of the courts are regulated by the Rules of Procedure.

History

The CJEU was originally established in 1951 as a single court called the Court of Justice of the European Coal and Steel Communities. With the Euratom and the European Economic Community in 1957 its name changed to the Court of Justice of the European Communities (CJEC). In 1988 the Court requested the Commission to create a Court of First Instance and in 2004 it added the Civil Service Tribunal. The Civil Service Tribunal are for issues of public employment.

The Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 renamed the court system to the "Court of Justice of the European Union" and renamed the CJEC to the "Court of Justice".

The working language of the Court of Justice of the European Union is French.

Legal interpretation

The Court of Justice of the European Union embraces the substantive equality interpretation of the European Union anti-discrimination law.

Notes

References

References

1. House of Lords European Union Committee. (1 June 2020). "9th Report of Session 2019–21: The Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland". [[House of Lords]].
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3. Article 19 [[Treaty on European Union. TEU]]: ''The Court of Justice of the European Union shall include the Court of Justice, the General Court and specialised court.''
4. Bordin, Fernando Lusa. (2022-08-31). "The European Union and Customary International Law". Cambridge University Press.
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7. (2024-04-30). "Competences of the Court of Justice of the European Union {{!}} Fact Sheets on the European Union {{!}} European Parliament".
8. Turenne, Sophie. (2012). "Advocate Generals’ Opinions or Separate Opinions? Judicial Engagement in the CJEU". Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies.
9. (2024-04-30). "Competences of the Court of Justice of the European Union {{!}} Fact Sheets on the European Union {{!}} European Parliament".
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11. "Presentation of the Members - Court of Justice of the European Union".
12. [https://european-union.europa.eu/institutions-law-budget/institutions-and-bodies/search-all-eu-institutions-and-bodies/court-justice-european-union-cjeu_en Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), Composition]
13. "General Presentation". Europa.
14. European Parliament. Directorate General for Parliamentary Research Services.. (2016). "The role of constitutional courts in multi-level governance: European Union : the Court of Justice of the European Union.". Publications Office.
15. "Language arrangements at the Court of Justice of the European Union". Europa.
16. (2020). "The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law". International Journal of Discrimination and the Law.