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Comparison of relational database management systems
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Summary
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The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of relational database management systems. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external programs.
General information
| Maintainer | First public release date | Latest stable version | Latest release date | License | Public issues list | 4D (4th Dimension) | ADABAS | Adaptive Server Enterprise | Advantage Database Server (ADS) | Altibase | Apache Derby | ClustrixDB | CockroachDB | CUBRID | Datacom | IBM Db2 | Empress Embedded Database | Exasol | FileMaker | Firebird | GPUdb | HSQLDB | H2 | Informix Dynamic Server | Ingres | InterBase | Linter SQL RDBMS | LucidDB | MariaDB | MaxDB | SingleStore (formerly MemSQL) | Microsoft Access (JET) | Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Microsoft SQL Server | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Mimer SQL | MonetDB | mSQL | MySQL | NexusDB | HPE NonStop SQL | NuoDB | Omnis Studio | OpenEdge | OpenLink Virtuoso | Oracle DB | Oracle Rdb | Paradox | Percona Server for MySQL | Actian Zen (PSQL) | Polyhedra DBMS | PostgreSQL | R:Base | SAP HANA | solidDB | SQL Anywhere | SQLBase | SQLite | SQream DB | Superbase | Superbase NG | Teradata | TiDB | UniData | Vector | YugabyteDB | Actian Zen (PSQL) | Maintainer | First public release date | Latest stable version | Latest release date | License | Public issues list | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4D S.A.S. | 1984 | v16.0 | 2017-01-10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Software AG | 1970 | 8.1 | 2013-06 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SAP AG | 1987 | 16.0 SP03 PL07 | 2019-06-10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SAP AG | 1992 | 12.0 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Altibase Corp. | 2000 | 7.1.0.1.2 | 2018-03-02 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Apache | 2004 | 10.17.1.0{{cite web | title = Apache Derby: Downloads | url = http://db.apache.org/derby/derby_downloads.html | access-date = 2024-03-18 | 2023-11-14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MariaDB Corporation | 2010 | v7.0 | 2015-08-19 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cockroach Labs | 2015 | v24.1.0 | 2024-05-20 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CUBRID | 2008-11 | 11.2.3 | 2023-01-31 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CA, Inc. | Early 70s{{cite journal | last = Stevens | first = O. | title = The History of Datacom/DB | journal = Annals of the History of Computing | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 87–91 | publisher = IEEE | date = Oct–Dec 2009 | doi = 10.1109/MAHC.2009.108 | s2cid = 16803811 | issn = 1058-6180 | 14{{cite web | title = CA Datacom - CA Technologies | url = http://www.ca.com/us/opscenter/ca-datacom.aspx | access-date = 2014-07-06 | archive-date = 2016-02-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160214142439/http://www.ca.com/us/opscenter/ca-datacom.aspx | url-status = dead | 2012{{cite web | title = Datacom Product Sheet | url = http://www.ca.com/us/~/media/Files/ProductBriefs/cs2277-ca-datacom-v14-ps.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IBM | 1983 | ; | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Empress Software Inc | 1979 | 10.20 | 2010-03 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EXASOL AG | 2004 | 7.1.1 | 2021-09-15; | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FileMaker, Inc., an Apple subsidiary | 1985-04 | 19 | 2020-05-20 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Firebird project | 2000-07-25 | ; | {{free | IPL{{Citation | url = http://www.firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=doc&id=ipl | title = IPL | publisher = Firebird SQL | url = http://www.firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=doc&id=idpl | title = IDPL | publisher = Firebird SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GIS Federal | 2014 | 3.2.5 | 2015-01-14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HSQL Development Group | 2001 | 2.6.1 | 2021-10-21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H2 Software | 2005 | 2.3.232 | 2024-08-12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IBM / HCL Technologies | 1981????1980 | 15.0.0.1 | 2025-03-15 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Actian(HCLSoftware) | 1974 | 12.0.0{{cite web | title = Actian X & Ingres - Lifecycle Dates | url = https://communities.actian.com/s/supportservices/lifecycle-dates/actian-x-ingres | 2024-05-06 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Embarcadero Technologies | 1984 | XE7 v12.0.4.357 | 2015-08-12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| RELEX Group | 1990 | 6.0.17.53 | 2018-02-15 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The Eigenbase Project | 2007-01 | 0.9.4 | 2012-01-05 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MariaDB Community | 2010-02-01 | ; | {{free | GPL v2, LGPL (for client-libraries){{cite web | url = https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb-license/ | title = MariaDB licenses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SAP AG | 2003-05 | 7.9.0.8 | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SingleStore | 2012-06 | 7.1.11 | 2020-10-12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microsoft | 1992 | 16 (2016) | 2015-09-22 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microsoft | 1984 | 9 (2005) | 2007-10-11 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microsoft | 1989 | ; | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Microsoft | 2000 | 2011 (v4.0) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mimer Information Technology | 1978 | 11.0.9D | 2025-07-16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MonetDB Foundation | 2004 | Mar2025 | 2025-03-27 | {{free | Mozilla Public License, version 2.0{{Citation | url = https://www.monetdb.org/about-us/privacy-and-legals/ | publisher = MonetDB Foundation | title = MonetDB License MPL2.0 | date = 8 February 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hughes Technologies | 1994 | 4.1{{Citation | url = http://www.hughes.com.au/products/msql/ | publisher = Hughes | location = AU | series = Products | title = mSQL | access-date = 2009-09-13 | archive-date = 2009-10-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091015100648/http://www.hughes.com.au/products/msql/ | url-status = dead | 2017-06-30 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oracle Corporation | 1995-11 | ; | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NexusDB Pty Ltd | 2003 | 4.00.14 | 2015-06-25 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hewlett Packard Enterprise | 1987 | SQL/MX 3.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NuoDB | 2013 | 4.1 | 2020-08 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| TigerLogic Inc | 1982-07 | 6.1.3 Release 1no | 2015-12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Progress Software Corporation | 1984 | 12.8 | 2024-1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OpenLink Software | 1998 | 7.2.14 | 2024-11-11 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oracle Corporation | 1979-11 | ; | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oracle Corporation | 1984 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corel Corporation | 1985 | 11 | 2009-09-07 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Percona | 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Actian | 1982 | v16 | 2024-06-30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ENEA AB | 1993 | 9.0 | 2015-06-24 | , with Polyhedra Lite available as Freeware{{Citation | url = http://eecatalog.com/embeddedlinux/2012/10/11/polyhedra-lite-in-memory-relational-database-system-freeware-available-now-from-enea/ | series = Press Release | publisher = EECatalog | title = Polyhedra Lite In-Memory Relational Database System Freeware Available Now from Enea | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PostgreSQL Global Development Group | 1989-06 | 17.4 | 2025-02-21{{Cite web | url=https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/postgresql-174-168-1512-1417-and-1320-released-3018/ | title=PostgreSQL 17.4, 16.8, 15.12, 14.17, and 13.20 Released! | publisher=The PostgreSQL Global Development Group | date=2025-02-20 | website=PostgreSQL | access-date=2025-02-21}} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| R:BASE Technologies | 1982 | 10.0 | 2016-05-26 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SAP AG | 2010 | 2.0 SPS04 | 2019-08-08 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| UNICOM Global | 1992 | 7.0.0.10 | 2014-04-29 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SAP AG | 1992 | 17.0.0.48 | 2019-07-26 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unify Corp. | 1982 | 11.5 | 2008-11 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D. Richard Hipp | 2000-09-12 | ; | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SQream Technologies | 2014 | 2.1{{Citation | url = http://docs.sqream.com/2.1/manual/sql_reference.html | publisher = SQream Technologies | title = SQream DB Version 2.1 SQL Reference Guide | access-date = 2018-02-12 | archive-date = 2018-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180212201639/http://docs.sqream.com/2.1/manual/sql_reference.html | url-status = dead | 2018-01-15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Superbase | 1984 | Classic | 2003 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Superbase NG | 2002 | Superbase NG 2.10 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Teradata | 1984 | 15 | 2014-04 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PingCAP Inc. | 2016 | ; | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rocket Software | 1988 | 8.2.1 | 2017-07 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Actian(HCLSoftware) | 2010 | 7.0{{cite web | title = Vector - Lifecycle Dates | url = https://communities.actian.com/s/supportservices/lifecycle-dates/actian-x-ingres | 2024-12-17 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yugabyte, Inc. | 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Actian | 1982 | v16 | 2024-06-30 |
Operating system support
The operating systems that the RDBMSes can run on.
| Windows | macOS | Linux | BSD | UNIX | AmigaOS | z/OS | OpenVMS | iOS | Android | 4th Dimension | ADABAS | Adaptive Server Enterprise | Advantage Database Server | Altibase | Apache Derby | ClustrixDB | CockroachDB | CUBRID | IBM Db2 | Empress Embedded Database | EXASolution | FileMaker | Firebird | HSQLDB | H2 | Informix Dynamic Server | Ingres | InterBase | Linter SQL RDBMS | LucidDB | MariaDB | MaxDB | Microsoft Access (JET) | Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Microsoft SQL Server | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Mimer SQL | MonetDB | MySQL | Omnis Studio | OpenEdge | OpenLink Virtuoso | Oracle | Oracle Rdb | Actian Zen (PSQL) | Polyhedra | PostgreSQL | R:Base | SAP HANA | solidDB | SQL Anywhere | SQLBase | SQLite | SQream DB | Superbase | Superbase NG | Teradata | TiDB | UniData | UniVerse | YugabyteDB | Windows | macOS | Linux | BSD | UNIX | AmigaOS | z/OS | OpenVMS | iOS | Android |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (AIX) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Solaris) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Under Linux on IBM Z | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{cite web | url = http://kb.askmonty.org/en/building-mariadb-on-mac-os-x-using-homebrew | work = AskMonty KnowledgeBase | title = Building MariaDB on Mac OS X using Homebrew | access-date = September 30, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111020134104/http://kb.askmonty.org/en/building-mariadb-on-mac-os-x-using-homebrew | archive-date = October 20, 2011 | url-status = dead | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (OEM only) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (MorphOS) | Under Linux on IBM Z | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Under Linux on IBM Z |
Fundamental features
Information about what fundamental RDBMS features are implemented natively.
| Database Name | ACID | Referential integrity | Transactions | Fine-grained locking | Multiversion concurrency control | Unicode | Interface | Type inference | 4th Dimension | ADABAS | Adaptive Server Enterprise | Advantage Database Server | Altibase | Apache Derby | ClustrixDB | CockroachDB | CUBRID | IBM Db2 | Empress Embedded Database | EXASolution | Firebird | HSQLDB | H2 | Informix Dynamic Server | Ingres | InterBase | Linter SQL RDBMS | LucidDB | MariaDB | MaxDB | Microsoft Access (JET) | Microsoft Visual FoxPro | Microsoft SQL Server | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Mimer SQL | MonetDB | MySQL | OpenEdge | OpenLink Virtuoso | Oracle | Oracle Rdb | Actian Zen (PSQL) | Polyhedra DBMS | PostgreSQL | SAP HANA | solidDB | SQL Anywhere | SQLBase | SQLite | Superbase NG | Teradata | TiDB | UniData | UniVerse | Database Name | ACID | Referential integrity | Transactions | Fine-grained locking | Multiversion concurrency control | Unicode | Interface | Type inference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GUI & SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| proprietary direct call & SQL (via 3rd party) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Row-level locking) | API & GUI & SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Row-level locking) | 4 | API & SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Row-level locking) | API & GUI & SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Row-level locking) | SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Row-level locking) | SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Row-level locking) | GUI & SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Row-level locking) | GUI & SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| API & SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| API & GUI & SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| API & SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Row-level locking) | SQL, REST, MQ, and JSON | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Row-level locking) | SQL & QUEL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Except for DDL) | (Row-level locking) | API & GUI & SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2]] | 2 except for DDL | (Row-level locking) | SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GUI & SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Row-level locking SMB2) | GUI & SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Row-level locking) | GUI & SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GUI & SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Optimistic locking) | API & GUI & SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| API & SQL & MAL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2]] | 3]] | 2 except for DDL | (Row-level locking) | GUI 5 & SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6]] | (Row-level locking) | GUI & SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| API & GUI & SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| except for DDL | (Row-level locking) | API & GUI & SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| API & GUI & SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (optimistic and pessimistic cell-level locking) | API & SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Row-level locking) | API & GUI & SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Row-level locking) | API & GUI & SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Row-level locking) | API & SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Row-level locking) | API & GUI & HTTP(S) (REST & SOAP) & SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| API & GUI & SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Database-level locking) | API & SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Record-level locking) | GUI & Proprietary & ODBC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Hash and Partition) | SQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| except for DDL | (Row-level locking) | GUI 5 & SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Multiple | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Multiple |
- Note (1): Currently only supports read uncommitted transaction isolation. Version 1.9 adds serializable isolation and version 2.0 will be fully ACID compliant.
- Note (2): MariaDB and MySQL provide ACID compliance through the default InnoDB storage engine.{{cite web
- Note (3): "For other than InnoDB storage engines, MySQL Server parses and ignores the and syntax in statements.
- Note (4): Support for Unicode is new in version 10.0.
- Note (5): MySQL provides GUI interface through MySQL Workbench.
- Note (6): OpenEdge SQL database engine uses Referential Integrity, OpenEdge ABL Database engine does not and is handled via database triggers.
Limits
Information about data size limits.
| Max DB size | Max table size | Max row size | Max columns per row | Max Blob/Clob size | Max CHAR size | Max NUMBER size | Min DATE value | Max DATE value | Max column name size | 4th Dimension | Advantage Database Server | Apache Derby | ClustrixDB | CUBRID | IBM DB2 | Empress Embedded Database | EXASolution | FileMaker | Firebird | HSQLDB | H2 | Max DB size | Max table size | Max row size | Max columns per row | Max Blob/Clob size | Max CHAR size | Max NUMBER size | Min DATE value | Max DATE value | Max column name size | Informix Dynamic Server | Ingres | InterBase | Linter SQL RDBMS | MariaDB | Microsoft Access (JET) | Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Microsoft SQL Server | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Mimer SQL | MonetDB | MySQL | OpenLink Virtuoso | Oracle | Max DB size | Max table size | Max row size | Max columns per row | Max Blob/Clob size | Max CHAR size | Max NUMBER size | Min DATE value | Max DATE value | Max column name size | Actian Zen (PSQL) | Polyhedra | PostgreSQL{{cite web | SAP HANA | solidDB | SQL Anywhere | SQLite | Teradata | UniVerse | Max DB size | Max table size | Max row size | Max columns per row | Max Blob/Clob size | Max CHAR size | Max NUMBER size | Min DATE value | Max DATE value | Max column name size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Limited | 65,135 | 200 GB (2 GiB Unicode) | 200 GB (2 GiB Unicode) | 64 bits | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unlimited | 16 EiB | 65,135 / (10+ AvgFieldNameLength) | 4 GiB | 64 bits | 128 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | 1,012 (5,000 in views) | 2,147,483,647 chars | 254 (: 32,672) | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 128 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unlimited | Unlimited | 64 MB on Appliance, 4 MB on AWS | 64 MB | 64 MB | 64 MB | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 254 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 EB | 2 EB | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | 1 GB | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 254 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unlimited | 1,012 | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 128 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unlimited | 263−1 bytes | 2 GB | 32,767 | 2 GB | 2 GB | 64 bits | 0000-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 32 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | 10,000 | 2 MB | 128 bits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 256 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8 TB | 8 TB | 8 TB | 256,000,000 | 4 GB | 10,000,000 | 1 billion characters, to , ± | 0001-01-01 | 4000-12-31 | 100 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1]] | ≈32 TB | 65,536 B | Depends on data types used | 32 GB | 32,767 B | 128 bits | 100 | 32768 | 63 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 64 TB | 8]] | 8]] | 8]] | 7]] | 8]] | 8]] | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 128 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 64 TB | 8]] | 8]] | 8]] | 7]] | 8]] | 64 bits | -99999999 | 99999999 | 8]] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12]] | 12]] | 32,765 bytes (exclusive of large objects) | 32,765 | 4 TB | 14]] | 13]] | 10]] | 12/31/9999 | 128 bytes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unlimited | Unlimited | 256 KB | 1,024 | 2 GB | 32 000 B | 64 bits | 0001 | 9999 | 256 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1]] | ≈32 TB | 65,536 B | Depends on data types used | 2 GB | 32,767 B | 64 bits | 100 | 32768 | 31 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unlimited | 230 rows | 64 KB (w/o BLOBs), | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2GB (each BLOB value) | 250 | 2 GB | 4000 B | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 66 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unlimited | MyISAM storage limits: 256 TB; | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Innodb storage limits: 64 TB; | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aria storage limits: ??? | 3]] | 4]] | 4 GB (longtext, longblob) | 64 KB (text) | 64 bits | 1000 | 9999 | 64{{cite web | url = https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/documentation/sql-language-structure/identifier-names/ | title = Identifier Names | publisher = MariaDB KnowledgeBase | access-date = 26 September 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 GB | 2 GB | 16 MB | 255 | 64 KB (memo field), | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 GB ("OLE Object" field) | 255 B (text field) | 32 bits | 0100 | 9999 | 64 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unlimited | 2 GB | 65,500 B | 255 | 2 GB | 16 MB | 32 bits | 0001 | 9999 | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 524,272 TB (32 767 files × 16 TB max file size) | 524,272 TB | 6]] | 1,024 / 30,000(with sparse columns) | 2 GB / Unlimited (using RBS/FILESTREAM object) | 6]] | 2]] | 0001 | 9999 | 128 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 GB | 4 GB | 8,060 bytes | 1024 | 2 GB | 4000 | 154 bits | 0001 | 9999 | 128 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unlimited | Unlimited | 16000 (+lob data) | 252 | Unlimited | 15000 | 45 digits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 128 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | 2 GB | 2 GB | 128 bits | -4712-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 1024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unlimited | MyISAM storage limits: 256 TB; Innodb storage limits: 64 TB | 3]] | 4]] | 4 GB (longtext, longblob) | 64 KB (text) | 64 bits | 1000 | 9999 | 64 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 32 TB per instance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Unlimited via elastic cluster) | DB size (or 32 TB) | 4 KB | 200 | 2 GB | 2 GB | 231 | 0 | 9999 | 100 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (with standard 8k block) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (with max 32k block) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (with max 32k block and BIGFILE option) | 4 GB × block size | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (with BIGFILE tablespace) | 8 KB | 1,000 | 128 TB | 11]] | 126 bits | −4712 | 9999 | 128 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 billion objects | 256 GB | 2 GB | 1,536 | 2 GB | 8,000 bytes | 64 bits | 01-01-0001 | 12-31-9999 | 128 bytes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Limited by available RAM, address space | 232 rows | Unlimited | 65,536 | 4 GB (subject to RAM) | 4 GB (subject to RAM) | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 8000-12-31 | 255 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| title = PostgreSQL Limits | url = https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/limits.html | access-date = 2021-05-13 | Unlimited | 32 TB | 1.6 TB | 250–1600 depending on type | 1 GB (text, bytea) stored inline or 4 TB using pg_largeobject | title = Large Objects: Introduction | url = https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/lo-intro.html | access-date = 2021-05-13 | 1 GB | Unlimited | −4,713 | title = Date/Time Types | url = https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype-datetime.html | access-date = 2021-05-13 | 5,874,897 | 63 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 256 TB | 256 TB | 32 KB + BLOB data | Limited by row size | 4 GB | 4 GB | 64 bits | -32768-01-01 | 32767-12-31 | 254 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 104 TB (13 files, each file up to 8 TB (32 KB pages)) | Limited by file size | Limited by file size | 45,000 | 2 GB | 2 GB | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 128 bytes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 128 TB (231 pages × 64 KB max page size) | Limited by file size | Limited by file size | 32,767 | 2 GB | 2 GB | 64 bits | 9]] | 9]] | Unlimited | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unlimited | Unlimited | 64000 wo/lobs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (64 GB w/lobs) | 2,048 | 2 GB | 64,000 | 38 digits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 128 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited |
- Note (1): Firebird 2.x maximum database size is effectively unlimited with the largest known database size 980 GB. | access-date = 2008-03-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100615021231/http://firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=guide&id=techspec | archive-date = 2010-06-15 | url-status = dead Firebird 1.5.x maximum database size: 32 TB.
- Note (2): Limit is 1038 using
DECIMALdatatype.{{Citation - Note (3): InnoDB is limited to 8,000 bytes (excluding
VARBINARY,VARCHAR,BLOB, orTEXTcolumns).{{Citation | chapter-url = https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/column-count-limit.html - Note (4): InnoDB is limited to 1,017 columns.
- Note (6): Using
VARCHAR (MAX)in SQL 2005 and later.{{Citation | chapter-url = https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms186981.aspx - Note (7): When using a page size of 32 KB, and when BLOB/CLOB data is stored in the database file.
- Note (8): Java array size limit of 2,147,483,648 (231) objects per array applies. This limit applies to number of characters in names, rows per table, columns per table, and characters per
CHAR/VARCHAR. - Note (9): Despite the lack of a date datatype, SQLite does include date and time functions,{{Citation | chapter-url = http://www.sqlite.org/lang_datefunc.html
- Note (10): Informix DATETIME type has adjustable range from YEAR only through 1/10000th second. DATETIME date range is 0001-01-01 00:00:00.00000 through 9999-12-31 23:59:59.99999.
- Note (11): Since version 12c. Earlier versions support up to .
- Note (12): The limit refers to the storage limit of a single Informix server instance beginning with v15.0. Informix v12.10 and later versions support using sharding techniques to distribute a table across multiple server instances. A distributed Informix database has no upper limit on table or database size.
- Note (13): Informix DECIMAL type supports up to 32 decimal digits of precision with a range of to . Fixed and variable precision are supported.
- Note (14): The LONGLVARCHAR type supports strings up to 4TB.
Tables and views
Information about what tables and views (other than basic ones) are supported natively.
| Temporary table | Materialized view | 4th Dimension | ADABAS | Adaptive Server Enterprise | Advantage Database Server | Altibase | Apache Derby | ClustrixDB | CUBRID | IBM Db2 | Empress Embedded Database | EXASolution | Firebird | HSQLDB | H2 | Informix Dynamic Server | Ingres | InterBase | Linter SQL RDBMS | LucidDB | MariaDB | MaxDB | Microsoft Access (JET) | Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Microsoft SQL Server | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Mimer SQL | MonetDB | MySQL | Oracle | Oracle Rdb | OpenLink Virtuoso | Actian Zen (PSQL) | Polyhedra DBMS | PostgreSQL | SAP HANA | solidDB | SQL Anywhere | SQLite | Superbase | Teradata | UniData | UniVerse | Temporary table | Materialized view |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1]] | – see precomputed result sets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (only common views) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (only common views) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (only CTE) | (only common views) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (only common views) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (only common views) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2]] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4]] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (only common views) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4]] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (only common views) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (only common views) |
- Note (1): Server provides tempdb, which can be used for public and private (for the session) temp tables.{{Citation | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051023153932/http://sybooks.sybase.com/onlinebooks/group-as/asg1250e/sag/@Generic__BookTextView/3225; | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2005-10-23
- Note (2): Materialized views are not supported in Informix; the term is used in IBM's documentation to refer to a temporary table created to run the view's query when it is too complex, but one cannot for example define the way it is refreshed or build an index on it. The term is defined in the Informix Performance Guide.{{Citation
- Note (4): Materialized views can be emulated using stored procedures and triggers.{{Citation | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060423094210/http://pure.rednoize.com/archives/13/ | archive-date = 2006-04-23
Indexes
Information about what indexes (other than basic B-/B+ tree indexes) are supported natively.
| R-/R+ tree | Hash | Expression | Partial | Reverse | Bitmap | GiST | GIN | Full-text | Spatial | Forest of Trees Index | Duplicate index prevention | 4th Dimension | ADABAS | Adaptive Server Enterprise | Advantage Database Server | Apache Derby | ClustrixDB | CUBRID | IBM Db2 | Empress Embedded Database | EXASolution | Firebird | HSQLDB | H2 | Informix Dynamic Server | Ingres | InterBase | Linter SQL RDBMS10 | LucidDB | MariaDB | MaxDB | Microsoft Access (JET) | Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Microsoft SQL Server | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Mimer SQL | MonetDB | MySQL | OpenLink Virtuoso | Oracle | Oracle Rdb | Actian Zen (PSQL) | Polyhedra DBMS | PostgreSQL | SAP HANA | solidDB | SQL Anywhere | SQLite | SQream DB | Teradata | UniVerse | R-/R+ tree | Hash | Expression | Partial | Reverse | Bitmap | GiST | GIN | Full-text | Spatial | Forest of Trees Index | Duplicate index prevention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cluster | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{Citation | chapter-url = https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/DERBY-472 | chapter = Derby | title = Full Text Indexing, Search | publisher = Apache | series = Issues | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{cite web | url = http://www.cubrid.org/blog/news/announcing-cubrid-9-0-with-3x-performance-increase-and-sharding-support/ | title = CUBRID 9.0 release | access-date = 2013-02-05 | archive-date = 2013-02-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130214205927/http://www.cubrid.org/blog/news/announcing-cubrid-9-0-with-3x-performance-increase-and-sharding-support | url-status = dead | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{Citation | url = http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/tutorials/dm-0810shettar/ | publisher = IBM | series = Developer Works | title = Full-text search with Db2 Text Search | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{Citation | url = http://www.firebirdfaq.org/faq328/ | publisher = Firebird FAQ | title = Does Firebird support full-text search? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{Citation | url = http://www.h2database.com/html/tutorial.html#fulltext | publisher = H2 Database | title = Fulltext Search | series = Tutorial | {{Citation | url = http://www.h2database.com/html/grammar.html#create_index | publisher = H2 Database | title = Create Spatial Index | series = Grammar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{Citation | publisher = IBM | url = https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/informix-servers/15.0.0?topic=indexes-forest-trees | title = Informix 15.0.0 online documentation | date = 19 November 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| temporary indexes for equality joins | for some scalar functions like LOWER and UPPER | url = http://linter.ru/en/documentation/pdf/phrase.pdf | publisher = Linter | place = RU | series = Documentation | title = Full Text Search Functions | access-date = 2010-06-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110820025927/http://linter.ru/en/documentation/pdf/phrase.pdf | archive-date = 2011-08-20 | url-status = dead | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aria and MyISAM tables and, since v10.2.2, InnoDB tables only{{Citation | publisher = mariadb.com | series = MariaDB | url = https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/spatial-index/ | title = SPATIAL INDEX | access-date = 24 September 2017 | MEMORY,{{cite web | url = https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/storage-engine-index-types/ | title = Storage Engine Index Types | publisher = mariadb.com | access-date = 25 April 2016 | PERSISTENT virtual columns only{{Citation | url = https://mariadb.com/kb/en/virtual-columns/ | title = Virtual Columns - MariaDB Knowledge Base | {{cite web | url = https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/fulltext-index-overview/ | title = Fulltext Index Overview | publisher = mariadb.com | access-date = 25 April 2016 | Aria and MyISAM tables and, since v10.2.2, InnoDB tables only | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{Citation | url = https://stackoverflow.com/questions/399406/does-microsoft-access-have-full-text-search | publisher = Stack Overflow | series = Questions | title = Does Microsoft Access have Full Text Search? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2]] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spatial Indexes | 4]] | 3]] | on Computed columns3 | Bitmap filter index for Star Join Query | {{Citation | publisher = Microsoft | series = MSDN | chapter-url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms142571.aspx | title = Library | chapter = Microsoft SQL Server Full-Text Search | {{Citation | publisher = Microsoft | series = Tech Net | chapter-url = https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb964712.aspx | title = Library | chapter = Spatial Indexing Overview | date = 4 October 2012 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{Citation | publisher = Microsoft | series = MSDN | chapter-url = http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/sqlce/thread/4a8af1a6-c644-41a5-8637-c7c5a6d73a4c | title = Forums | chapter = Microsoft SQL Server Compact Full-text search is not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spatial Indexes{{Citation | publisher = Oracle | series = MySQL | url = https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/create-index.html#create-index-storage-engine-index-types | title = Index Types Per Storage Engine | access-date = 24 September 2017 | MEMORY, Cluster (NDB), InnoDB,5 tables only | {{Citation | publisher = Oracle | series = MySQL | chapter-url = http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=4990 | title = Bugs | chapter = Feature request #4990: Functional Indexes | MyISAM tables{{Citation | publisher = Oracle | series = MySQL | chapter-url = http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=13979 | title = Bugs | chapter = Feature request #13979: InnoDB engine doesn't support FULLTEXT | publisher = Oracle | series = MySQL | chapter-url = http://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.6/en/news-5-6-4.html | title = Release Notes | chapter = MySQL v5.6.4 Release Notes | MyISAM tables{{Citation | publisher = Oracle | series = MySQL | url = http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/creating-spatial-indexes.html | title = Creating Spatial Indexes | publisher = Oracle | url = https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.7/en/news-5-7-5.html#mysqld-5-7-5-spatial-support | title = Changes in MySQL 5.7.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cluster | (Commercial only) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 11]] | Cluster Tables | 6]] | {{Citation | url = https://stackoverflow.com/questions/202623/does-oracle-support-full-text-search | publisher = Stack Overflow | series = Questions | title = Does Oracle support full text search? | {{Citation | publisher = Oracle | series = Tech Network | chapter-url = http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/options/spatial/ | title = Spatial & Locator | chapter = Location Features for Database 11g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7]] | {{Citation | publisher = PostgreSQL community | series = Documentation | url = https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-types.html | title = Index Types | date = 11 November 2021 | {{Citation | publisher = PostgreSQL community | series = Documentation | url = https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch.html | title = Full Text Search | date = 11 November 2021 | PostGIS{{Citation | publisher = The PostGIS Development Group | series = PostGIS Manual | url = https://postgis.net/docs/postgis_usage.html#build-indexes | title = Building Spatial Indexes | access-date = 2021-05-13 | archive-date = 2021-05-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210503205533/https://postgis.net/docs/postgis_usage.html#build-indexes | url-status = dead | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SpatiaLite{{Citation | url = http://www.gaia-gis.it/spatialite/ | publisher = Gaia GIS 2.3.1 | place = IT | title = SpatiaLite | access-date = 2010-12-06 | archive-date = 2011-07-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722033735/http://www.gaia-gis.it/spatialite/ | url-status = dead | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{Citation | url = http://www.info.teradata.com/FullText/eFull-Text-Srch.cfm | publisher = Teradata | series = Online Publications | title = Full-Text Search | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3]] | 3]] | 3]] |
- Note (1): The users need to use a function from freeAdhocUDF library or similar.{{Citation | access-date = 2007-01-11 | archive-date = 2019-09-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190914222246/http://www.udf.adhoc-data.de/index_eng.html | url-status = dead
- Note (2): Can be implemented for most data types using expression-based indexes.
- Note (3): Can be emulated by indexing a computed column{{Citation | chapter-url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/createdb/cm_8_des_05_8os3.asp | chapter-url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa933124(SQL.80).aspx
- Note (4): Used for InMemory ColumnStore index, temporary hash index for hash join, Non/Cluster & fill factor.
- Note (5): InnoDB automatically generates adaptive hash index{{Citation | chapter-url = http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/innodb-adaptive-hash.html
- Note (6): Can be implemented using Function-based Indexes in Oracle 8i and higher, but the function needs to be used in the sql for the index to be used.
- Note (7): A PostgreSQL functional index can be used to reverse the order of a field.
- Note (10): B+ tree and full-text only for now.
- Note (11): R-Tree indexing available in base edition with Locator but some functionality requires Personal Edition or Enterprise Edition with Spatial option.
- Note (12): FOT or Forest of Trees indexes is a type of B-tree index consisting of multiple B-trees which reduces contention in multi-user environments.{{Citation | chapter-url =https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/informix-servers/15.0.0?topic=indexes-forest-trees =
Database capabilities
| Union | Intersect | Except | Inner joins | Outer joins | Inner selects | Merge joins | Blobs and clobs | Common table expressions | Windowing functions | Parallel query | System-versioned tables | 4th Dimension | ADABAS | Adaptive Server Enterprise | Advantage Database Server | Altibase | Apache Derby | ClustrixDB | CUBRID | IBM Db2 | Empress Embedded Database | EXASolution | Firebird | HSQLDB | H2 | Informix Dynamic Server | Ingres | InterBase | Linter SQL RDBMS | LucidDB | MariaDB | MaxDB | Microsoft Access (JET) | Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Microsoft SQL Server | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Mimer SQL | MonetDB | MySQL | OpenLink Virtuoso | Oracle | Oracle Rdb | Actian Zen (PSQL) | Polyhedra DBMS | PostgreSQL | SAP HANA | solidDB | SQL Anywhere | SQLite | SQream DB | Teradata | UniVerse | Union | Intersect | Except | Inner joins | Outer joins | Inner selects | Merge joins | Blobs and clobs | Common table expressions | Windowing functions | Parallel query | System-versioned tables | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{Citation | chapter-url = http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/library/techarticle/dm-0608mcinerney/ | publisher = IBM | series = Developer Works | title = Library | chapter = Article | url=https://modern-sql.com/blog/2018-08/whats-new-in-mariadb-10.3#3.system-versioned-tables | title = What's new in MariaDB 10.3}} | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| url=http://hsqldb.org/web/features200.html | title=HyperSQL 2.5 New Features | website=hsqldb.org}} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| experimental | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{cite web | url = https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-8308 | title = CTE implemented in 10.2.2 | publisher = mariadb.org | access-date = 26 July 2017 | {{cite web | url = https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/window-functions-overview/ | title = Window Functions Overview | publisher = mariadb.com | access-date = 25 April 2016 | {{Citation | publisher = Oracle | series = MySQL | chapter-url = http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=1542 | title = Bugs | chapter = Feature request #1542: Parallel query | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{Citation | url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms189798%28v=sql.105%29 | publisher = Microsoft | title = Only very limited functions available before SQL Server 2012 | {{Citation | chapter-url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms178065.aspx | publisher = Microsoft | series = MSDN | title = Library | chapter = SQL Server Parallel Query Processing | date = 4 October 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{Citation | publisher = Oracle | series = MySQL | chapter-url = http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=16244 | title = Bugs | chapter = Feature request #16244: SQL-99 Derived table WITH clause (CTE) | {{Citation | url = https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/window-functions.html | title = Window Functions | publisher = mysql.com | access-date = 20 July 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | {{Citation | publisher = Ora FAQ | series = Wiki | url = http://www.orafaq.com/wiki/Parallel_Query_FAQ | title = Parallel Query | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{Citation | url = https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/parallel-query.html | publisher = PostgreSQL | title = Parallel Query | date = 11 August 2022 |
- Note (1): Recursive CTEs introduced in 11gR2 supersedes similar construct called CONNECT BY.
Data types
| Type system | Integer | Floating point | Decimal | String | Binary | Date/Time | Boolean | Other | 4th Dimension | Altibase{{Citation | ClustrixDB | CUBRID{{Citation | IBM Db2 | Empress Embedded Database | EXASolution | FileMaker{{cite web | Firebird{{cite web | Type system | Integer | Floating point | Decimal | String | Binary | Date/Time | Boolean | Other | HSQLDB{{Citation | Informix Dynamic Server{{cite web | Ingres{{Citation | Linter SQL RDBMS | MariaDB{{cite web | Microsoft SQL Server{{Citation | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database){{Citation | Mimer SQL | MonetDB | MySQL{{Citation | OpenLink Virtuoso{{Citation | Type system | Integer | Floating point | Decimal | String | Binary | Date/Time | Boolean | Other | Oracle{{Citation | Actian Zen (PSQL){{Citation | Polyhedra | PostgreSQL{{Citation | SAP HANA | solidDB | SQLite{{Citation | SQream DB{{Citation | Type system | Integer | Floating point | Decimal | String | Binary | Date/Time | Boolean | Other | Teradata | UniData | UniVerse | Type system | Integer | Floating point | Decimal | String | Binary | Date/Time | Boolean | Other | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Static | (16-bit), (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit), (64-bit) | , | , | , , | , , | , , | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| publisher = Altibase | series = HDB | chapter-url = http://atc.altibase.com/sub09/611b/html/GeneralReference/ch01s01s01.html | title = General Reference | chapter = Data Types | Static | (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit) | (32-bit), (64-bit) | , , , | , , , , | , , , , | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Static | (8-bit), (16-bit), (24-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit) | (32-bit), | , , , , , , , | , , , | , , , | , | , , | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| publisher = CUBRID | series = Reference Manual | chapter-url = http://www.cubrid.org/manual/syntax/syntax_datatype_num_def.htm | title = CUBRID SQL Guide | chapter = Data Types | Static | (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit) | , (32-bit), (64-bit) | , | , , , , | , , , | , , , , , | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit) | , , | , , | , , | , , , | , , , , | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Static | , , or ; , , or ; , , , or ; , , or | , , or ; , , or ; , or ; | , , , , or ; | , , , , , , , , , | or ; | , , , , , , | 32, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Static | , , , , | , , | , , , | , , , , , , , | , , | , | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| title = FileMaker 14 Tech Specs | url = http://help.filemaker.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/14164/kw/calculation%20timestamp | publisher = FileMaker=May 12, 2015 | Static | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| title = Migration from MS-SQL to Firebird | url = http://www.firebirdsql.org/manual/migration-mssql-data-types.html | publisher = Firebird Project | access-date = April 12, 2015 | , , , | , | , , (38, 4), (10, 4) | , , , , | , | , , (without time zone and with time zone) | , , (38), User defined types (Domains) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| publisher = HSQLDB | series = 2.0 Documents | title = Guide | chapter-url = http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/guide/sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sqlgeneral_types_ops-sect | chapter = General: HSQLDB data types | Static | (8-bit), (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit) | (64-bit) | , | , , , | , , , | , , , | (object), , , | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| publisher = IBM | series = Publications | url = http://www-05.ibm.com/e-business/linkweb/publications/servlet/pbi.wss?CTY=US&FNC=SRX&PBL=SC23-7750-04 | title = IBM Informix Guide to SQL: Reference, v11.50 (SC23-7750-04) | date = 20 August 2001 | access-date = August 7, 2013 | Static + | (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit proprietary), (64-bit) | (32-bit), (64-bit) | (32 decimal digits float/fixed, range to +), | , , , , , , , | , , , | , , | , , , , , , , , , , | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| publisher = Ingres | series = Documents | chapter-url = http://docs.ingres.com/Ingres/9.3/SQL%20Reference%20Guide/understandingsqldatatypes.htm#o3623 | title = SQL 9.3 Reference Guide | chapter = 3: Understanding SQL Data Types | access-date = 2009-11-16 | archive-date = 2011-07-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713033627/http://docs.ingres.com/Ingres/9.3/SQL%20Reference%20Guide/understandingsqldatatypes.htm#o3623 | url-status = dead | Static | (8-bit), (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit) | (32-bit), (64-bit) | C, , , , , , , | , , () | , , , , , | , , , - (via ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Static + Dynamic (in stored procedures) | (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit) | (32-bit), (64-bit) | , | , , , , | , , | , | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| url = https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/data-types/ | title = Data Types | publisher = mariadb.com | access-date = 25 April 2016 | Static | (8-bit), (16-bit), (24-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit) | (32-bit), (aka ) (64-bit) | , , , , , , , | , , , | , , , | , (aka ) = synonym for | , , data types (Geometry, Point, Curve, LineString, Surface, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiCurve, MultiLineString, MultiSurface, MultiPolygon) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| publisher = Microsoft | series = MSDN | title = Library | chapter-url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms187752.aspx | chapter = SQL Server Data Types | date = 21 May 2024 | Static | , , , | , | , , , | , , , , , | , , , , | , , , , , | , , , , , , , Geometry, Geography, Custom .NET datatypes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| publisher = Microsoft | series = MSDN | title = Library | chapter-url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms172424.aspx | chapter = SQL Server Compact Data Types | date = 24 March 2011 | Static | , , , | , | , , | , , | , , | , , , , | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Static | , , , | , , , | , | , , , , , | , , | , , , | , (including the pre-defined spatial data types location, latitude, longitude and coordinate, and ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Static, extensible | , , , , , , , | , , , , | , | , , , , , , , | , | , , , , , , , , , , | , , , , , , data types (), User Defined Types | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| publisher = Oracle | series = MySQL 5.0 | title = Reference manual | chapter-url = http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/data-types.html | chapter = 10. Data Types | Static | (8-bit), (16-bit), (24-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit) | (32-bit), (aka ) (64-bit) | , , , , , , , | , , , | , , , | , (aka ) = synonym for | , , data types (Geometry, Point, Curve, LineString, Surface, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiCurve, MultiLineString, MultiSurface, MultiPolygon) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| publisher = OpenLink Software | chapter-url = http://docs.openlinksw.com/virtuoso/sqlrefDATATYPES.html | title = SQL Reference | chapter = Datatypes | Static + Dynamic | , , | , , , | , , , , , | , , , , , | , , , | , (, ), (User Defined Type), (, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| publisher = Oracle | series = Server documents | title = SQL 11.2 Reference | chapter-url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e10592/sql_elements001.htm#i45441 | chapter = Data Types | access-date = 2009-09-21 | archive-date = 2010-03-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100314015040/http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e10592/sql_elements001.htm#i45441 | url-status = dead | Static + Dynamic (through ) | , | , , , , , , (deprecated) | , , (deprecated), | , (with/without ), | , , , , , XMLType, , | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| publisher = Pervasive | series = Product documentation | chapter-url = http://docs.pervasive.com/products/database/psqlv11/wwhelp/wwhimpl/js/html/wwhelp.htm#href=sqlref/SQLDtype.10.1.html#134765 | title = Pervasive PSQL Supported Data Types | chapter = Data Types | Static | , , , , , , , | , , , | , , , , , , | , , | , , | , , | , , , , | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| publisher = Enea AB | series = Product documentation | url = http://developer.polyhedra.com/manuals/rtrdb-reference-manual/sql-reference-manual | title = Polyhedra SQL Reference Manual | access-date = 2013-04-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004225034/http://developer.polyhedra.com/manuals/rtrdb-reference-manual/sql-reference-manual | archive-date = 2013-10-04 | url-status = dead | Static | (8-bit), (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit) | (32-bit), (aka ; 64-bit) | , (aka ) | (aka ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| publisher = PostgreSQL community | series = PostgreSQL 10 Documentation | chapter-url = https://www.postgresql.org/docs/10/static/datatype.html | title = Manual | chapter = Data Types | date = 11 August 2022 | Static | (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit) | (32-bit), (64-bit) | , | , , | , (with/without ), (with/without ), | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , arrays, composites, ranges, custom | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Static | , , , | , , , , | , , , | , , | , , , | , , , , , , , , , , , , | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Static | (8-bit), (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit) | (32-bit), (64-bit), (64-bit) | , (51 digits) | , , , , , | , , | , , | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| url = http://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html | publisher = SQLite 3 | title = Datatypes | Dynamic | (64-bit) | (aka , ) (64-bit) | (aka , ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| url = http://www.sqream.com/docs/latest/manual/#_data_types | publisher = SQream Technologies | title = SQream SQL Reference Guide | Static | (8-bit), (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit) | (32-bit), (aka ) (64-bit) | , , | , (aka ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Static | (8-bit), (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit) | (64-bit) | , (38 digits) | , , | , , | , , (w/wo ) | , , , , , (User Defined Type) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dynamic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dynamic |
Other objects
Information about what other objects are supported natively.
| Data domain | Cursor | Trigger | Function1 | Procedure1 | External routine1 | 4th Dimension | ADABAS | Adaptive Server Enterprise | Advantage Database Server | Altibase | Apache Derby | ClustrixDB | CUBRID | Empress Embedded Database | EXASolution | IBM Db2 | Firebird | HSQLDB | H2 | Informix Dynamic Server | Ingres | InterBase | Linter SQL RDBMS | LucidDB | MariaDB | MaxDB | Microsoft Access (JET) | Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Microsoft SQL Server | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Mimer SQL | MonetDB | MySQL | Oracle | Oracle Rdb | OpenLink Virtuoso | Actian Zen (PSQL) | Polyhedra DBMS | PostgreSQL | SAP HANA | solidDB | SQL Anywhere | SQLite | Teradata | UniData | UniVerse | Data domain | Cursor | Trigger | Function1 | Procedure1 | External routine1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ? | ? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2]] | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| via RANGE CHECK | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| via CHECK CONSTRAINT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| via CHECK | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| url=https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/constraint/#check-constraints | title=Constraint | website=mariadb.com}} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 |
- Note (1): Both function and procedure refer to internal routines written in SQL and/or procedural language like PL/SQL. External routine refers to the one written in the host languages, such as C, Java, Cobol, etc. "Stored procedure" is a commonly used term for these routine types. However, its definition varies between different database vendors.
- Note (2): In Derby, H2, LucidDB, and CUBRID, users code functions and procedures in Java.
- Note (3): ENUM datatype exists. CHECK clause enforced as of 8.0.16.
- Note (5): Informix supports external functions written in Java, C, & C++.
Partitioning
Information about what partitioning methods are supported natively.
| Range | Hash | Composite (Range+Hash) | List | Expression | Round Robin | 4th Dimension | ADABAS | Adaptive Server Enterprise | Advantage Database Server | Altibase | Apache Derby | ClustrixDB | CUBRID | IBM Db2 | Empress Embedded Database | EXASolution | Firebird | HSQLDB | H2 | Informix Dynamic Server | Ingres | InterBase | Linter SQL RDBMS | MariaDB | MaxDB | Microsoft Access (JET) | Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Microsoft SQL Server | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Mimer SQL | MonetDB | MySQL | Oracle | Oracle Rdb | OpenLink Virtuoso | Actian Zen (PSQL) | Polyhedra DBMS | PostgreSQL | SAP HANA | solidDB | SQL Anywhere | SQLite | Teradata | UniVerse | Range | Hash | Composite (Range+Hash) | List | Expression | Round Robin |
|---|
Access control
Information about access control functionalities.
| Native network encryption1 | Brute-force protection | Enterprise directory compatibility | Password complexity rules2 | Patch access3 | Run unprivileged4 | Audit | 4D | Adaptive Server Enterprise | Advantage Database Server | CUBRID | IBM Db2 | Empress Embedded Database | EXASolution | Firebird | HSQLDB | H2 | Informix Dynamic Server | Linter SQL RDBMS | MariaDB | Microsoft SQL Server | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Mimer SQL | MySQL | OpenLink Virtuoso | Oracle | Actian Zen (PSQL) | Polyhedra DBMS | PostgreSQL | SAP HANA | solidDB | SQL Anywhere | SQLite | Teradata | Native network encryption1 | Brute-force protection | Enterprise directory compatibility | Password complexity rules2 | Patch access3 | Run unprivileged4 | Audit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (with SSL) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (optional; to pay) | (optional ?) | (need to register; depend on which product){{Citation | publisher = Sybase | series = Downloads | title = Support | url = http://downloads.sybase.com/swd/base.do?client=support | access-date = 2008-09-07 | (EAL4+ 1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (with SSL) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (LDAP, Kerberos...) | 6]]) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (LDAP) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{Citation | chapter-url = http://www.firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=devel&sub=engine&id=fb20_release | publisher = Firebird SQL 2.0 | series = Development | title = Engine | chapter = Release | (Windows trusted authenification) | (by custom plugin) | (no security page){{Citation | url = http://www.firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=files | publisher = Firebird SQL | title = Files | {{cite web | title = Trace and Audit Services | url = http://www.firebirdsql.org/rlsnotesh/rlsnotes25.html#rnfb25-trace | publisher = Firebird Project | access-date = April 12, 2015 | 7]] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10]] | 10]] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (with SSL) | (length only) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (SSL) | (with 5.2, but not on Windows servers) | {{cite web | url = https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/documentation/plugins/cracklib_password_check/ | title = cracklib_password_check | publisher = mariadb.com | access-date = 9 December 2014 | url = https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/documentation/plugins/simple_password_check/ | title = simple_password_check | publisher = mariadb.com | access-date = 9 December 2014 | {{cite web | url = https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/security/ | title = Security Vulnerabilities Fixed in MariaDB | publisher = mariadb.com | access-date = 25 April 2016 | 8]] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Microsoft Active Directory) | (From 2008) | (EAL4+11) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (not relevant, only file permissions) | (not relevant) | (not relevant) | (not relevant) | (file access) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (depending on OS) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (SSL with 4.0) | (with 5.5, but only in commercial edition) | (no security page){{Citation | publisher = Oracle | series = MySQL | title = Development | chapter = Downloads | chapter-url = http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ | 8]] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (optional) | (optional) | (optional) | (optional) | (optional) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (EAL21) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12]] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (with SSL. Optional) | 13]] | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 9]]) | (with passwordcheck module) | {{Citation | url = https://www.postgresql.org/support/security.html | publisher = PostgreSQL community | series = Support | title = Security | access-date = 2018-03-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111101131843/http://www.postgresql.org/support/security.html | archive-date = 2011-11-01 | url-status = dead | (with pgaudit extension){{Citation | url = https://github.com/pgaudit/pgaudit/blob/master/README.md | title = Open Source PostgreSQL Audit Logging | date = September 2022 | (EAL2+1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Kerberos) | (EAL2+1 as Adaptive Server Anywhere) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (not relevant, only file permissions) | (not relevant) | (not relevant) | (not relevant) | (no security page){{Citation | url = http://www.sqlite.org/download.html | publisher = SQLite | title = Download | (file access) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (LDAP, Kerberos...) |
- Note (1): Network traffic could be transmitted in a secure way (not clear-text, in general SSL encryption). Precise if option is default, included option or an extra modules to buy.
- Note (2): Options are present to set a minimum size for password, respect complexity like presence of numbers or special characters.
- Note (3): How do you get security updates? Is it free access, do you need a login or to pay? Is there easy access through a Web/FTP portal or RSS feed or only through offline access (mail CD-ROM, phone).
- Note (4): Does database process run as root/administrator or unprivileged user? What is default configuration?
- Note (5): Is there a separate user to manage special operation like backup (only dump/restore permissions), security officer (audit), administrator (add user/create database), etc.? Is it default or optional?
- Note (6): Common Criteria certified product list. | access-date = 2021-05-13
- Note (7): FirebirdSQL seems to only have SYSDBA user and DB owner. There are no separate roles for backup operator and security administrator.
- Note (8): User can define a dedicated backup user but nothing particular in default install. | access-date = 2008-09-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080902231142/http://gentoo-wiki.com/HOWTO_Backup_MySQL | archive-date = 2008-09-02 | url-status = dead
- Note (9): Authentication methods.{{Citation
- Note (10): Informix Dynamic Server supports PAM and other configurable authentication. By default uses OS authentication.
- Note (11): Authentication methods.{{Citation | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140213221406/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/sqlserver/common-criteria.aspx | archive-date = 2014-02-13
- Note (12): With the use of Pervasive AuditMaster.
- Note (13): User-based security is optional in Polyhedra, but when enabled can be enhanced to a role-based model with auditing.{{Citation
Databases vs schemas (terminology)
The SQL specification defines what an "SQL schema" is; however, databases implement it differently. To compound this confusion the functionality can overlap with that of a parent database. An SQL schema is simply a namespace within a database; things within this namespace are addressed using the member operator dot "". This seems to be a universal among all of the implementations.
A true fully (database, schema, and table) qualified query is exemplified as such:
Both a schema and a database can be used to isolate one table, "foo", from another like-named table "foo". The following is pseudo code:
- vs. (no explicit schema between database and table)
- vs. (no explicit database prefix)
The problem that arises is that former MySQL users will create multiple databases for one project. In this context, MySQL databases are analogous in function to PostgreSQL-schemas, insomuch as PostgreSQL deliberately lacks off-the-shelf cross-database functionality (preferring multi-tenancy) that MySQL has. Conversely, PostgreSQL has applied more of the specification implementing cross-table, cross-schema, and then left room for future cross-database functionality.
MySQL aliases schema with database behind the scenes, such that and are analogs. It can therefore be said that MySQL has implemented cross-database functionality, skipped schema functionality entirely, and provided similar functionality into their implementation of a database. In summary, PostgreSQL fully supports schemas and multi-tenancy by strictly separating databases from each other and thus lacks some functionality MySQL has with databases, while MySQL does not even attempt to support standard schemas.
Oracle has its own spin where creating a user is synonymous with creating a schema. Thus a database administrator can create a user called PROJECT and then create a table PROJECT.TABLE. Users can exist without schema objects, but an object is always associated with an owner (though that owner may not have privileges to connect to the database). With the 'shared-everything' Oracle RAC architecture, the same database can be opened by multiple servers concurrently. This is independent of replication, which can also be used, whereby the data is copied for use by different servers. In the Oracle implementation, a 'database' is a set of files which contains the data while the 'instance' is a set of processes (and memory) through which a database is accessed.
Informix supports multiple databases in a server instance like MySQL. It supports the syntax as a way to group DDL statements into a single unit creating all objects created as a part of the schema as a single owner. Informix supports a database mode called ANSI mode which supports creating objects with the same name but owned by different users.
PostgreSQL and some other databases have support for foreign schemas, which is the ability to import schemas from other servers as defined in ISO/IEC 9075-9 (published as part of SQL:2008). This appears like any other schema in the database according to the SQL specification while accessing data stored either in a different database or a different server instance. The import can be made either as an entire foreign schema or merely certain tables belonging to that foreign schema.{{Cite web | access-date = 2016-06-11
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