Communion under both kinds

Catholicism

Doctrine

In reference to the Eucharist as a sacrifice, Communion under both kinds belongs at least to the integrity and essence, of the rite, and may not be omitted without violating the precept of Christ: "Do this in remembrance of me" (Luke 22:19). This is mentioned implicitly by the Council of Trent (Sess. XXI, c. i; XXII, c. i), and the Second Vatican Council emphasised that "the dogmatic principles which were laid down by the Council of Trent [remain] intact". The General Instruction of the Roman Missal states that the people "should share the cup when it is permitted. Then, Communion is a clearer sign of sharing in the sacrifice that is actually being celebrated."

Practice

Catholicism teaches that Christ is sacramentally (and equally) present under each species, and therefore if a person receives only one species, Christ is fully present and nothing is lacking.

In the Early Church, Communion was ordinarily administered and received under both kinds. That such was the practice is mentioned by Paul in I Corinthians 11:28. But side by side in the Early Church there existed the custom of communicating in certain cases under one kind alone: for example, when people took home some of the Eucharist after Sunday worship and communicated during the week, or when the Eucharist was brought to the sick.

By the Middle Ages, the Church had become, like most of European society, increasingly hierarchical. There was much stress on being holy when receiving Communion, and a greatly heightened appreciation of the holiness of the sacramental elements (bread and wine). This meant that all who approached the altar were to be as pure as possible, and inevitably led to the exclusion of the laity from receiving the Eucharist under both kinds, reserving the practice to the clergy. It is difficult to say when the practice of offering the chalice to the people stopped, but it seems to have been part of the way in which Church authorities sought to prevent anything disrespectful happening to the Eucharist; it was also, by this time, that the host (the Communion bread) was given only on the tongue. It is generally thought by historians that the practice of offering Communion to the laity under one species alone began during the 12th or 13th century, and had become a common Church practice by the 14th century.

This practice was challenged by the Bohemian reformer, Jacob of Mies, who in 1414 began to offer Communion under both kinds to his congregation in the Church of St. Martin in the Wall. The matter was reviewed by the 13th Session of the Council of Constance, in 1415; the council rejected the grounds for offering the chalice to lay people and banned the practice. This became the most emblematic issue of the Hussite Wars, which resulted in the permission of the communion under both kinds for Utraquists in Bohemia in 1433 (it would be banned again in 1627 and allowed again by the Patent of Toleration in 1781). In the following century, this was challenged again by the Protestant Reformers, including Martin Luther, John Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli. The Council of Trent referred to the pope the question whether the petition of the Holy Roman Emperor to have the use of the chalice allowed in his dominions be granted; in 1564 Pius IV did grant this permission to some German bishops, provided certain conditions were fulfilled. However, his concession was withdrawn in the following year. The practice, by then, does not seem to have been well received among Catholic faithful; the practice of giving communion under both kinds was, by many, already regarded as a 'Protestant' practice.

In the 20th century, Catholic liturgical reformers began to press for a return to Communion under both kinds, citing the practice of the Church before the 13th century. There were spirited debates over the issue at the Second Vatican Council, resulting in a compromise. The following text was finally issued by the bishops; "communion under both kinds may be granted when the bishops think fit, not only to clerics and religious, but also to the laity, in cases to be determined by the Apostolic See, as for instance, to the newly ordained in the Mass of their sacred ordination, to the newly professed in the Mass of their religious profession, and to the newly baptized in the Mass which follows their baptism". Regular use of Communion under both kinds requires the permission of the bishop, but bishops in many countries have given blanket authorisation to administer Holy Communion in this way. In the United States, the Notre Dame Study of Catholic Parish Life showed that by 1989, slightly less than half of the parishes in its survey offered the chalice to their congregations.

Eastern Orthodoxy

(Also applicable to the appropriate Eastern Catholic Churches.)

The Eastern Orthodox Church has consistently practised communion under both kinds. Both the clergy and the people normally receive in both kinds.

Doctrine

Communion of only the Eucharistic Bread is seen as imperfect by the Orthodox churches, who do not normally follow this practice, even in extremis.

Lutheranism

Doctrine

The Lutheran Churches teach:

Practice

The Eucharist is administered by a Lutheran priest under both kinds, often at the chancel rails or in a communion line, after hosts and a common chalice are consecrated.

Anglicanism and Methodism

Doctrine

The 30th article of the 39 articles of the Church of England, as well as Article XIX of the Methodist Articles of Religion states: "The Cup of the Lord is not to be denied to the Lay-people: for both the parts of the Lord's Sacrament, by Christ's ordinance and commandment, ought to be ministered to all Christian men alike."

Practice

Main article: Anglican Eucharistic theology#Administration

In Anglican and Methodist liturgy, the bread (typically in wafer form) is administered by licensed clergy into the cupped hands of the communicant, usually kneeling at the altar rail. The chalice may be administered by the clergy or, in certain dioceses, by licensed laypersons. The bread may be consumed before drinking the wine from the chalice or may be dipped into the wine prior to consuming (intinction).

Reformed

Doctrine

Communion under both kinds for the whole congregation was a central issue for the Protestant reformers, since they believed that it had been specifically commanded by Jesus at the Last Supper. John Calvin in his seminal 1536 work, Institutes of the Christian Religion, wrote; 'For Christ not only gave the cup, but appointed that the apostles should do so in future. For his words contain the command, "Drink ye all of it." And Paul relates, that it was so done, and recommends it as a fixed institution (First Epistle to the Corinthians )'.

Practice

Almost all Reformed churches practice communion under both kinds. One marked distinction in many Reformed churches is not using a chalice for the wine, but rather individual communion cups. In some churches wine is not used, but rather grape juice (see Alcohol in Christianity).

Latter Day Saints

Main article: Sacrament (Latter Day Saints)

In the Latter Day Saint movement the sacrament of the Lord's Supper is taken under both kinds, similar to Protestant usage. As originally practiced by the Latter Day Saint movement founder Joseph Smith and other early Latter Day Saints, the sacrament included the use of fermented wine.

Based on a document that Latter Day Saints believed was a revelation to Joseph Smith, however, it has been acceptable for Latter Day Saints to use other substances in the sacrament. As stated in the document: "It mattereth not what ye shall eat or what ye shall drink when ye partake of the sacrament, if it so be that ye do it with an eye single to my glory—remembering unto the Father my body which was laid down for you, and my blood which was shed for the remission of your sins."{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/27.2?lang=eng

References

References

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2. Second Vatican Council, [https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html ''Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy''], paragraph 55, published on 4 December 1963, accessed on 25 June 2025
3. "General Instruction Chapter II paragraph 56h". Usccb.org.
4. "Catholic Catechism paragraph 1390". Scborromeo.org.
5. (28 September 2005). "Eucharistic Theology in the Reformation and the Council of Trent".
6. "Reception of the Eucharist Under Two Species". Liturgy Training Publications.
7. See: Todoran I. and Zăgrean I., ''Teologia dogmatică'' (Bucharest, 1991).
8. (1855). "The Lutheran manual on scriptural principles: or, the Augsburg confession illustrated and sustained chiefly by scripture proofs and extracts from standard Lutheran theologians of Europe and America; together with the formula of government and discipline, adopted by the General synod of the Evangelical Lutheran church in the United States". Lindsay & Blakiston.
9. (2007-04-15). "The Thirty Nine Articles". Anglicans Online.
10. "The Articles of Religion of the Methodist Church". [[The United Methodist Church]].
11. (2013). "Historical Dictionary of Methodism". Scarecrow Press.
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13. (2012-02-21). "Communion". churchofjesuschrist.org.
14. (2008-03-19). "Do Mormon Partake of the Communion?". LDS Church.