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Color-blind casting

Casting practice in the performing arts

Color-blind casting is the practice of casting roles without regard to the actor's ethnicity or race. Alternative terms and similar practices include non-traditional casting, integrated casting, or blind casting, which can involve casting without consideration of skin color, body shape, sex or gender. A representative of the Actors' Equity Association has disputed the use of "color blind casting", preferring "non-traditional casting". Non-traditional casting "is defined as the casting of ethnic minority actors in roles where race, ethnicity, or gender is not germane".

Examples

Production	Year	Description	New York Shakespeare Festival	Tannhäuser	Batman	Night of the Living Dead	Never Say Never Again	Happily Ever After	After the Fall	The Shawshank Redemption	This England: The Histories	Grey's Anatomy	Robin Hood	Casino Royale	Merlin	King Lear	Skyfall	"National Anthem"	Fantastic Four	Doctor Strange	Suicide Squad	The Girl with All the Gifts	Dynasty	Riverdale	Spider-Man: Homecoming	Beauty and the Beast	The Dark Tower	Frozen the Musical	Thor: Ragnarok	A Series of Unfortunate Events	1066: A Year to Conquer England	Troy: Fall of a City	Deadpool 2	Fahrenheit 451	Titans	Colette	Mary Queen of Scots	Les Misérables	Robin Hood	Krypton	Mean Girls	The Witcher	The Personal History of David Copperfield	Artemis Fowl	Transplant	The Great	Bridgerton	The Witches	Mortal Kombat	Without Remorse	Anne Boleyn	The Green Knight	Cruella	Spider-Man: No Way Home	Cowboy Bebop	Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City	The Electrical Life of Louis Wain	Venom: Let There Be Carnage	The Tragedy of Macbeth	The Irregulars	The Batman	Matilda the Musical	Halo	The Little Mermaid	The Flash	Doctor Who	Percy Jackson and the Olympians	Titanic	Mean Girls	Snow White	How to Train Your Dragon
1955	Joseph Papp started hiring actors of color in his Shakespeare productions.
1961	Grace Bumbry was cast as Venus in the Wagner opera, becoming the first African-American singer to perform at the Bayreuth Festival.
1967	Eartha Kitt was cast as Catwoman in the third season, taking over the role from the white Julie Newmar.
1968	Duane Jones was cast as Ben, the lead and hero, a role never intended for an African-American.
1983	While a non-Eon-produced James Bond movie, the character of Felix Leiter was portrayed by a black person for the first time, played by Bernie Casey. The idea was to make the role more memorable.
1989	Black actress Irene Cara provided the voice of Snow White in Filmation's film Happily Ever After. Her casting was regarded by many (including Cara herself) at the time as strangely "colorblind".
1990	Josette Simon played Maggie at the London National Theatre in 1990. The role is widely supposed to have been based on Arthur Miller's former wife Marilyn Monroe.
1994	An adaptation of Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. The character Red, described as Irish in the novella, is played by Morgan Freeman.
2000	British-Nigerian actor David Oyelowo played Henry VI of England. Oyelowo was the first black actor to play an English king in a major production of Shakespeare.
2005	During the creation of the television series, none of the characters was assigned a race. Color-blind casting was used to choose the best actors for the roles, resulting in an ethnically diverse cast.
2006	Black British actor David Harewood was cast as Friar Tuck, a character traditionally portrayed as white, overweight, and balding, in "Total Eclipse", the first episode of the third series.
2006	For the first time in the official James Bond film series (Never Say Never Again was not an Eon-produced entry), the character of Felix Leiter, which had consistently been portrayed as white in the Eon-produced series, was portrayed by black actor Jeffrey Wright. Wright portrays the character again in Quantum of Solace and No Time to Die.
2008	Several actors of colour appeared as extras or in more minor roles throughout the series, with Angel Coulby and Tomiwa Edun in recurring roles as Guinevere and Elyan respectively.
2010	Black British actress Pippa Bennett-Warner played Cordelia in the 2010 Donmar Warehouse production of King Lear, starring Derek Jacobi in the title role.
2012	The role of Miss Moneypenny, which had previously been cast as white, went to Naomie Harris. She reprised the role in the next James Bond films, Spectre and No Time to Die.
John F. Kennedy, who was white, is portrayed by ASAP Rocky in the music video.
2015	Black actor Michael B. Jordan played Human Torch, who is White in the comics, and was played in the 2005 film of the same name by white actor Chris Evans.
2016	British-Nigerian actor Chiwetel Ejiofor played Karl Mordo, who is a Transylvanian baron in the comics the film is based on.
Deadshot, a white man in the comics, is portrayed by Will Smith in this movie.
In the British post-apocalyptic zombie horror drama film, based on a M.R. Carey novel of the same name, black actress Sennia Nanua plays main character of Melanie, who is white in the book.
2017	Based on the 1980s series of the same name where both of the lead families are white. In this reboot, the Colby family is portrayed by African-American actors.
Based on the characters and setting of the long-running Archie Comics series, several characters traditionally depicted as white in the comics are portrayed by non-white actors in the series. Most notably, Archie Andrews (the series' lead) is portrayed by KJ Apa, who is of mixed Samoan descent. Veronica Lodge is portrayed by Camila Mendes, who is of Brazilian descent as well as the entire Lodge family has been depicted as being of Latin-American descent in the series. Reggie Mantle is portrayed by Asian-American actors Ross Butler in season 1, and Charles Melton from season 2 onwards, Pop Tate is portrayed by black actor Alvin Sanders and Josie and the Pussycats, a band originally consisting of one black member and two white members in the comics, are converted into an all-black group: Josie and Melody, both previously white, are portrayed by Ashleigh Murray and Hayley Law, respectively.
Tony Revolori, of Guatemalan heritage, plays Flash Thompson, a white character from the comics previously portrayed in Spider-Man and Spider-Man 3 by Joe Manganiello.
Gugu Mbatha-Raw plays Plumette, a castle maid who was represented in the 1991 animated film as a white woman. Similarly, Audra McDonald plays Madame de Garderobe, an opera singer who was also white in the animated movie.
Black actor Idris Elba plays Roland Deschain, a character who is described in the Dark Tower series as white and is said to have been inspired by white actor Clint Eastwood.
Black actor Jelani Alladin plays the character Kristoff, a Scandinavian ice harvester.
The role of the bounty hunter Valkyrie, based on the Marvel Comics character commonly depicted as white, is played by biracial actress Tessa Thompson. The role of the Asgardian sentry Heimdall, based on the Marvel Comics character depicted as white (also described in the Scandinavian mythology as "the whitest skinned of all the gods"), was played by Black British actor Idris Elba.
African-American actor K. Todd Freeman portrayed the character Mr. Poe, who was portrayed by white English actor Timothy Spall in the 2004 film. Indian actor Aasif Mandvi portrayed the character Monty Montgomery who was portrayed by Irish-Scottish actor Billy Connolly in the film. African-American actor Alfre Woodard portrayed the character Aunt Josephine, who was portrayed by white American actress Meryl Streep in the film.
Jotham Annan plays Norman Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester.
2018	The BBC/Netflix co-production, which retells the Iliad, depicts Achilles and Zeus as being black, with the respective roles played by David Gyasi and Hakeem Kae-Kazim.
The character Domino, depicted in the comics as an albino white woman with a dark patch of skin in a diamond surrounding her left eye, is portrayed by African-American/German actress Zazie Beetz; the anomalous skin patch was instead lighter than the rest of her complexion. The film also features Māori actor Julian Dennison as Rusty Collins / Firefist, a white Oklahoma native in the comics, and biracial actor Lewis Tan (of partial Chinese descent) as Shatterstar, an extraterrestrial who in the comics has the appearance of a white human.
The character Guy Montag, who was portrayed by Austrian actor Oskar Werner in the 1966 adaptation, is portrayed by African-American actor Michael B. Jordan. Additionally, the character Clarisse McClellan (portrayed by Julie Christie in the 1966 film) is played by Algerian actress Sofia Boutella.
Senegalese actress Anna Diop plays the superhero Starfire (Princess Koriand'r). An alien who is drawn in comics with orange or golden skin, Starfire has been previously portrayed by white performers and drawn in animated series with light tan skin, though originally being black-coded. Similarly, the character of Beast Boy is played by Ryan Potter, who is of Japanese descent. This marks the first time in history where a live action superhero team lineup is 50% people of color (the other 50% being Dick Grayson and Rachel Roth, who are portrayed by white Australian actors Brenton Thwaites and Teagan Croft, respectively).
Saudi actress Aiysha Hart plays the character Polaire. Polaire is a French woman.
A British historical drama included Gemma Chan as Elizabeth Hardwick and Adrian Lester as Lord Thomas Randolph.
British-Nigerian actor David Oyelowo plays inspector Javert, who was described as the son of a French man and a Gypsy woman in the original Victor Hugo novel.
Jamie Foxx was cast as Little John.
Black British actor Colin Salmon was cast as General Zod, who is traditionally portrayed as white.
Korean-American actress Ashley Park played Gretchen Wieners in the Broadway musical of the same name, who is white in the 2004 film of the same name.
Yennefer is played by half-Indian actress Anya Chalotra, who was a white brunette in the original, similarly done with Vilgefortz (Mahesh Jadu). White character Fringilla Vigo is played by black actress Mimi Ndiweni; Istredd (Royce Pierreson) and Triss Merigold (Anna Shaffer) are also white in books, yet are played by actors of color. The Zerrikanians Tèa and Vèa, who are blonde in the books and based on Scythian warrior women and Greek stories about Amazons, are also played by black actresses.
Director Armando Iannuci described his approach as colour-blind when casting Dev Patel as Charles Dickens' titular character. Patel described the casting as "representative of a modern Britain – the one that I grew up in". Nigerian actress Nikki Amuka-Bird plays Mrs Steerforth and Benedict Wong plays Mr Wickfield.
2020	In the novel, the character Butler is described as Eurasian, specifically Russian-Japanese; in the film he is portrayed by British Nigerian Nonso Anozie.
Pakistani-Canadian actor Hamza Haq portrays Syrian doctor Bashir Hamed.
Elle Fanning who stars as Catherine the Great in the series spoke of using color-blind casting from the beginning to make "people from now to be able to relate to the show" and "have everyone represented". Sacha Dhawan, a British-Indian actor, plays Count Orlo, and Abraham Popoola plays Rostov.
The show, crested by Shonda Rhimes, employs many actors of color in positions of nobility that historically would have been white, most notably Golda Rosheuvel as the queen, Regé-Jean Page as the Duke of Hastings, and Adjoa Andoh as Lady Danbury.
Based on the Roald Dahl novel, the main character, a young boy, and his grandmother are black; in the book, they are Anglo-Norwegian.
2021	Sisi Stringer portrays Mileena, a character who has a pale complexion in the Mortal Kombat games.
Michael B. Jordan plays John Clark, a fictional character in the Tom Clancy media franchise traditionally portrayed white.
Jodie Turner-Smith plays Anne Boleyn.
Dev Patel plays Gawain, a fictional character in the King Arthur legend traditionally portrayed white.
Kirby Howell-Baptiste portrays the character Anita Darling, who is white in all previous iterations of 101 Dalmatians.
Jamie Foxx reprises his role as the supervillain Electro, who is white in the comics.
The live-action TV series based on the original 1997 Japanese anime has Mustafa Shakir portraying the character of Jet Black, who is presumed white, and Daniella Pineda, a Mexican-American actor as Faye Valentine, who is Singaporean in the anime.
A film based on the first two games of the Japanese video game series Resident Evil, biracial actor Avan Jogia portrays the characters Leon Kennedy, who is white in the video game series and was portrayed by white actor Johann Urb, in the original film series. Biracial actor Hannah John-Kamen portrays Jill Valentine, who is white in the video game series.
British actor Richard Ayoade, the son of a Nigerian father and a Norwegian mother, plays Henry Wood.
Black actor Naomie Harris plays the character Shriek, who is white in the comics.
Black actors Denzel Washington and Corey Hawkins play Lord Macbeth and Macduff, respectively.
2022	Black actor Royce Pierreson played Doctor John Watson.
Jeffrey Wright portrays the usually white American Commissioner Gordon and Zoe Kravitz plays Catwoman.
Lashana Lynch, portrays Miss Honey, who is white in 1988 novel, 1996 film adaptation, and the musical adaptation.
Shabana Azmi, an Indian actress, portrays Admiral Margaret Parangosky.
2023	Black singer/actress Halle Bailey portrays Ariel, originally described as white in Hans Christian Andersen's "The Little Mermaid" and in the 1989 Disney adaptation. Rob Marshall, the director, said she was cast because "she possesses that rare combination of spirit, heart, youth, innocence, and substance — plus a glorious singing voice — all intrinsic qualities necessary to play this iconic role".
Colombian actress Sasha Calle portrays Supergirl; she is the first Latina to portray the character.
Nathaniel Curtis, a half-Indian actor, plays Isaac Newton.
Black actress Leah Jeffries portrays the character Annabeth Chase, daughter of the Greek goddess Athena, who was described as grey-eyed, blonde-haired white in the books, and played by Alexandra Daddario in the film adaptation.
2023 – 2024	A 2023 UK tour had black actress Bree Smith playing Alice Beane (based on Ethel Beane). One reviewer praised Smith's performance but felt it an "odd choice made by the casting team...I couldn't help but initially think that in an authentic setting, a black woman would not be fangirling over people who most likely wouldn't treat her very well. The choice doesn't hurt (but) it can pull you out of the experience if you think too long about the era's politics that wouldn't have stopped [at] the gangplank." A 2024 Off-Broadway concert as part of the Encores! series, will have Chuck Cooper portray Captain E. J. Smith and Iranian Ramin Karimloo as Frederick Barrett.
2024	Karen, Janis Ian, and Damian are respectively portrayed by Avantika, Auliʻi Cravalho, and Jaquel Spivey, who are respectively of Indian, Native Hawaiian, and black descent. All three characters were depicted as white in the 2004 film and the musical adaptation.
2025	Rachel Zegler, a half-Colombian actress, plays as Snow White.
2025	In the fantasy remake of the 2010 film How to Train Your Dragon, Nico Parker, a half-Zimbabwean actress, portrays the Viking Astrid Hofferson, who is of white descent.

The Non-Traditional Casting Project

The Non-Traditional Casting Project was founded in 1986 to examine problems of racial discrimination in theatre, film and television.{{cite web |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090827084308/http://www.arts.gov/resources/Accessibility/NTCP.html |archive-date = 27 August 2009 |url-status = dead | archive-date = 22 March 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090322050625/http://www.actorsequity.org///Benefits/diversity.asp | url-status = dead

Debate and "color-consciousness"

In the theatre community, there is significant debate over the concept of color-blind casting vs "color-conscious casting".

In 1996, Pulitzer-winning playwright August Wilson, who is black, used his Princeton University address on black culture in the United States "The Ground on Which I Stand" to attack the notion of color-blind casting.

In 2017, Associate Editor of American Theatre magazine Diep Tran declared "color-conscious" to be a preferable term. "Color-conscious means we're aware of the historic discrimination in the entertainment industry ... and we're also aware of what it means to put a body of color onstage.". The idea promotes intentionality and race-conscious affirmative action to avoid racially homogeneous casts, and has been supported widely across the theatre community.

In 2018, the Harvard Journal of Sports & Entertainment Law published the article "There's No Business Like Show Business: Abandoning Color-Blind Casting and Embracing Color-Conscious Casting in American Theatre". The article discussed the implications for US employment law and mooted that color-blind casting has not produced its intended result. "Race is still a determining factor in American society, and it is counterintuitive to argue that problems related to race can be fixed by ignoring race altogether". The Broad Online calls a color-blind casting "a superficial solution to a deeper problem."

Popular shows that employ color-conscious casting include: Hamilton: An American Musical, the BBC's Les Misérables, and the film Mary Queen of Scots (in which the black actor Adrian Lester plays a 16th-century ambassador). In 2017, director Michael Streeter made a color-conscious casting decision for his production of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, believing "the decision would add depth to the play".

Notes

References

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[https://www.playbill.com/article/ramin-karimloo-bonnie-milligan-chuck-cooper-judy-kuhn-more-will-star-in-encores-titanic Ramin Karimloo, Bonnie Milligan, Chuck Cooper, Judy Kuhn, More Will Star in Encores! Titanic]
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