Colonial architecture

Spanish colonial architecture

Main article: Spanish colonial architecture, Spanish Colonial Revival architecture

Spanish colonial architecture is still found in the former colonies of the Spanish Empire in the Americas and in the Philippines. In Mexico, it is found in the Historic center of Mexico City, Puebla, Zacatecas, Querétaro, Guanajuato, and Morelia. Antigua Guatemala in Guatemala is also known for its well-preserved Spanish colonial style architecture. Other cities known for Spanish colonial heritage are Ciudad Colonial of Santo Domingo, the ports of Cartagena, Colombia, and Old San Juan in Puerto Rico.

;North America

Viceroyalty of New Spain

• New Spanish Baroque
• Spanish Colonial Revival architecture

;Caribbean

Spanish West Indies

;South America

Viceroyalty of Peru, Viceroyalty of New Granada, and Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

• [[File:Paoay.JPG|thumb|219x219px|Paoay Church Ilocos Sur Philippines is a fine example of Spanish [[Earthquake Baroque]] only found in the Philippines]]

;Asia

Spanish East Indies

• Earthquake Baroque
• Bahay na Bato

Portuguese colonial architecture

Main article: Portuguese colonial architecture

Portuguese colonial architecture is most visible in Brazil, Madeira, North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa, Macau, the Malaysian city of Malacca, city of Goa in India, and Moluccas and Java in Indonesia.

Asia

• Sino-Portuguese architecture

South America

British colonial architecture

British colonial architecture are most visible in North America, the British West Indies, South Asia, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.

• North America
  • American colonial architecture
    • Federal architecture
    • First Period architecture
    • Colonial Georgian architecture
  • British colonial architecture in Canada
• South Asia
  • British colonial architecture in India
  • British colonial architecture in Pakistan
  • British colonial architecture in Bangladesh
  • Colonial architecture in Sri Lanka
• Australia
  • Colonial architecture of Australia
    • Federation architecture
• Asia-Pacific
  • British colonial architecture in Hong Kong
  • British colonial architecture in Singapore
  • British Consulate at Takao

French colonial architecture

Main article: French colonial architecture

French colonial architecture is most visible in North America and Indochina.

• Indochina
• North America
  • French colonial architecture in North America
• South Asia
  • French colonial architecture in India

Dutch colonial architecture

Main article: Dutch colonial architecture

Dutch colonial architecture is most visible in Indonesia (especially Java and Sumatra), the United States, South Asia, and South Africa. In Indonesia, formerly Dutch East Indies, colonial architecture was studied academically and had developed into a new tropical architecture form which emphasizes on conforming to the tropical climate of the Indies and not completely imitating the architectural language of the Dutch colonists.

• Indonesia
  • Dutch colonial architecture of Indonesia
    • Old Indies Style
    • Indies Empire style
    • New Indies Style
• North America
  • Dutch colonial architecture in North America
  • Dutch Colonial Revival architecture
• South Asia
  • Dutch colonial architecture in India
  • Colonial architecture in Sri Lanka
• South Africa
  • Cape Dutch architecture

Russian colonial architecture

Russian colonial architecture is primarily represented in Siberia, Far East and Central Asia. The best example of Russian colonial architecture in Siberia is the architecture of Irkutsk, Tobolsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Omsk and Yeniseysk. Russian colonial architecture in Siberia was primarily built out of wood due to the abundance of it in the region and is noticeable for its wooden carving.

• Siberia
  • Siberian baroque
  • Lace houses
• Central Asia
  • Soviet architecture in Central Asia
• Turkey
  • Baltic style of Kars

Italian colonial architecture

Eritrea was Italy's first African colony. Its first capital, Massawa, contains a large amount of early Italian colonial architecture, characterized by historicism and inspiration from Venetian Gothic and Italian Neoclassical architecture. The colonial architecture and orthogonal street grid of Asmara, the colony's second capital, was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2017. Much of the city's colonial architecture dates to the fascist era, during which Benito Mussolini encouraged architects and planners to transform the city into a "Little Rome".

Somalia also contains a wide range of Italian colonial architecture, dating back to its colonial era. In Mogadishu, the residence of most of the colony's eventual 50,000 Italian residents, colonial architects undertook large planning projects and erected monuments such as the still-extant triumphal arch dedicated to Umberto I, the largely destroyed Cathedral of Mogadiscio, and various government buildings. The Italian-built Villa Somalia remains Somalia's presidential residence. Unlike colonial schemes in Libya and Eritrea, Italian colonial authorities built within existing cities in Somalia, not building new villages or towns for settlers.

Before the consolidation of Italian Cyrenaica and Italian Tripolitania, Libya's colonial masters undertook significant building projects in Italian styles, such as the construction of Tripoli's Cathedral, built in a Venetian Gothic style. Following the founding of Italian Libya, Italian Fascist architecture became the standard for the massive infrastructural and settlement-related projects that Mussolini's Italy undertook. In cities such as Tripoli and Benghazi, colonial architects and urban planners undertook large-scale urban projects, such as the construction of Benghazi's monumental Lungomare (sea-walk), new urban districts for Italian settlers, and Catholic religious buildings, including Benghazi Cathedral. The fascist government's constructions were usually characterized by use of the Italian Rationalist and Neoclassical styles. Starting in 1938, the colony's Public Works Department sponsored the building of 27 new villages meant for Italian settlement, mostly in Cyrenaica, which epitomized a Rationalism informed by local Arab architectural mores. Giovanni Pellegrini, one of the most prominent designers of these agrarian villages, attempted to synthesize Arab and Italian architecture to settlements best fitted to Cyrenaica's arid climate.

Italy's occupation of the Dodecanese bore a significant amount of modernist and art deco buildings throughout the archipelago. Colonial architects also constructed several new towns and villages, such as Portolago, now known as Lakki. Unlike many of the built remnants of Italian colonialism in Africa, Italian architecture in the Dodecanese often remains in good repair.

Italy's brief colonial undertaking in Albania resulted in a prominent collection of Rationalist buildings, including the Bank of Albania, the Prime Minister's Office, and the National Theatre.

References

References

1. Guaita, Ovidio. (1999). "On distant shores: colonial houses around the world". Monacelli Press.
2. "A City Made of Lace: Wooden Architecture of Irkutsk".
3. "Asmara: A Modernist African City".
4. Stallard, Natasha. (2015-08-18). "Africa's 'Little Rome', the Eritrean city frozen in time by war and secrecy". The Guardian.
5. Mohamed, Iman. (2023-06-18). "Colonial Amnesia and the Material Remains of Italian Colonialism in Mogadishu". Interventions.
6. (2019). "Architectes, ingénieurs, et artistes décorateurs italiens au Maghreb". Edizioni ETS.
7. "Italian Ghosts, Lybia (2014)".
8. Rhodian. (2019-02-02). "The Italian Architecture in the Dodecanese".
9. Daly, Selena. (2023-06-18). "Dealing with the Material Legacies of Italian Fascist Colonialism in Post-Communist Tirana". Interventions.