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Cocoseae
Tribe of palms
Tribe of palms
Cocoseae is a tribe of cocosoid palms of the family Arecaceae.
Description
The fruit of the Cocoseae is a modified drupe, with a sclerenchymatous epicarp and a highly developed mesocarp, formed mainly by parenchyma . The endocarp is generally sclerenchymatous and protects the seeds from predation and drying. The most obvious synapomorphy of the species of this tribe is the presence, in the endocarp, of three or more "eyes" or pores of germination. According to Thomas C. Whitmore all Cocosoid palms have inflorescences in which the flowers are in triads (sets of three flowers).
Distribution
The Cocoseae are distributed mainly in the Neotropical regions, with two genera endemic to Africa (Jubaeopsis and Elaeis) and Madagascar (Beccariophoenix and Voanioala), respectively.
Phylogeny
A 2016 molecular phylogenomic analysis of the tribe Cocoseae gives the following phylogenetic tree:
Systematics
The Cocoseae in the sense of Dransfield et al. (2008) are identified as natural relatives (monophylum) in most studies. Their systematic position within the Arecoideae is still unclear. Different studies see them as a sister group of the Reinhardtieae, as a sister group of the group from Reinhardtieae and Roystoneeae, or as a sister group of the Oranieae.
The tribe is divided into three subtribes. All three are monophyletic. Bactridinae and Elaeidinae are sister groups
Genera
| Subtribe | Image | Genus | Extant species | Beccariophoenicinae J.Dransf. & Uhl | Butiinae Saakov | Attaleinae Drude | Elaeidinae Hook.f. | Bactridinae Drude | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [[File:Beccariophoenix.jpg | 175px]] | *Beccariophoenix* Jum. & H.Perrier | |||||||
| [[File:Polyandrococos caudescens — Alex Popovkin 003.jpg | 175px]] | *Allagoptera* Nees | |||||||
| [[File:Butia odorata Madrid.jpg | 175px]] | *Butia* (Becc.) Becc (Jelly palms) | |||||||
| [[File:Jubaea chilensis Hyères gross.jpg | 175px]] | *Jubaea* Kunth | |||||||
| [[File:Jubaeopsis caffra.jpg | 175px]] | *Jubaeopsis* Becc. | |||||||
| [[File:1859-Martinique.web.jpg | 175px]] | Cocos L. | |||||||
| [[File:Arecastrum romanzoffianum 2c.JPG | 175px]] | *Syagrus* Mart. | Syagrus allagopteroides Noblick & Lorenzi | Syagrus amara (Jacq.) Mart. (Overtop palm) | Syagrus angustifolia Noblick & Lorenzi | Syagrus botryophora (Mart.) Mart. | Syagrus caerulescens Noblick & Lorenzi | Syagrus campestris (Mart.) Bomhard | |
| [[File:Parajubaea torallyi kz1.jpg | 175px]] | *Parajubaea* Burret | |||||||
| *Voanioala* J. Dransf. | |||||||||
| [[File:Attalea brasiliensis.jpg | 175px]] | *Attalea* Kunth | |||||||
| *Barcella* (Trail) Trail ex Drude | |||||||||
| [[File:Elaeis guineensis - Fruit and Spice Park - Homestead, Florida - DSC09011.jpg | 175px]] | *Elaeis* Jacq. | |||||||
| [[File:Macauba 250710 REFON 2.JPG | 175px]] | *Acrocomia* Mart. | |||||||
| [[File:Aiphanes minima (Aiphanes erosa) - Fruit and Spice Park - Homestead, Florida - DSC08942.jpg | 175px]] | *Aiphanes* Willd. | Aiphanes acanthophylla (Mart.) Burret | Aiphanes acaulis Galeano & R.Bernal | Aiphanes bicornis Cerón & R.Bernal | Aiphanes buenaventurae R.Bernal & Borchs. | Aiphanes chiribogensis Borchs. & Balslev | Aiphanes deltoidea Burret | |
| [[File:Astrocaryum mexicanum - Marie Selby Botanical Gardens - Sarasota, Florida - DSC01156.jpg | 175px]] | *Astrocaryum* G.Mey. | Astrocaryum acaule Mart. | Astrocaryum aculeatissimum (Schott) Burret | Astrocaryum aculeatum G.Mey. | Astrocaryum alatum Loomis | Astrocaryum campestre Mart. | Astrocaryum carnosum F.Kahn & B.Millán | |
| [[File:Bactris gasipaes Kunth - Flickr - Alex Popovkin, Bahia, Brazil (8).jpg | 175px]] | *Bactris* Jacq. ex Scop. | Bactris acanthocarpa Mart. | Bactris acanthocarpoides Barb.Rodr. | Bactris ana-juliae Cascante | Bactris aubletiana Trail | Bactris baculifera Karw. ex Mart. | Bactris bahiensis Noblick ex A.J.Hend. | |
| [[File:Desmoncus orthacanthos Mart. - Flickr - Alex Popovkin, Bahia, Brazil (24).jpg | 175px]] | *Desmoncus* (Trail) Trail ex Drude | Desmoncus chinantlensis Liebm. ex Mart. | Desmoncus cirrhifer A.H.Gentry & Zardini | Desmoncus costaricensis (Kuntze) Burret | Desmoncus giganteus A.J.Hend. | Desmoncus horridus Splitg. ex Mart. | Desmoncus interjectus A.J.Hend. |
References
References
- Baker, William J.. (2016). "Beyond Genera Palmarum: progress and prospects in palm systematics". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.
- (2008). "Genera Palmarum: The Evolution and Classification of Palms". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- (Feb 2004). "The Phylogeny of the Cocoeae (Arecaceae) with Emphasis on Cocos nucifera". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Heywood Ph.D., Prof. V.H.. (1978). "Flowering Plants of the World". Mayflower Books.
- Gunn, Bee Fong. (2016). "Phylogenomics of the coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)". [[Australian National University]] (PhD thesis).
- Canteiro, C.. (2021). "''Acrocomia totai''".
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