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Close front rounded vowel
Vowel sound represented by ⟨y⟩ in IPA
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Vowel sound represented by ⟨y⟩ in IPA
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| ipa symbol | y |
| ipa number | 309 |
| decimal | 121 |
| x-sampa | y |
| braille | y |
| imagefile | IPA Unicode 0x0079.svg |
|x-sampa=y
The close front rounded vowel, or high front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Across many languages, it is most commonly represented orthographically as (in German, Turkish, Estonian and Hungarian) or (in Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish and Albanian) but also as (in French and Dutch and the Kernewek Kemmyn standard of Cornish); / (in the romanization of various Asian languages); (in Cyrillic-based writing systems such as that for Chechen); or (in Cyrillic-based writing systems such as that for Tatar).
Short and long occurred in pre-Modern Greek. In the Attic and Ionic dialects of Ancient Greek, front developed by fronting from back around the 6th to 7th century BC. A little later, the diphthong when not before another vowel monophthongized and merged with long . In Koine Greek, the diphthong changed to , likely through the intermediate stages and . Through vowel shortening in Koine Greek, long merged with short . Later, unrounded to , yielding the pronunciation of Modern Greek. For more information, see the articles on Ancient Greek and Koine Greek phonology.
The close front rounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the labialized palatal approximant . alternates with in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, with the non-syllabic diacritic and are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.
In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with compressed lips ('exolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are protruded ('endolabial').
Close front compressed vowel
The close front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as , and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter as (simultaneous and labial compression) or ( modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic may also be used with a rounded vowel letter as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.
Features
Occurrence
Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard | u | 'you' (formal) | ||
| Albanian | Standard | ylber | 'rainbow' | ||
| Azerbaijani | güllə | 'bullet' | |||
| Bavarian | Traunmüller | 1982}}, cited in | |||
| Breton | brud | 'noise' | |||
| Catalan | Northern | but | 'aim' | ||
| Chechen | уьйтӏе / üythe | 'yard' | |||
| Chinese | Mandarin | 女 / nǚ | 'woman' | ||
| Cantonese | 書 / syū | 'book' | |||
| Shanghainese | 驢 | 'donkey' | |||
| Chuvash | тӳме | [tyme] | 'button' | ||
| Danish | Standard | synlig | 'visible' | ||
| Dutch | Standard | nu | 'now' | ||
| English | General South African | *few* | 'few' | ||
| Multicultural London | May be back instead. | ||||
| Scouse | May be central instead. | ||||
| Ulster | Long allophone of ; occurs only after . See English phonology | ||||
| Estonian | üks | 'one' | See Estonian phonology | ||
| Faroese | mytisk | 'mythological' | Appears only in loanwords. See Faroese phonology | ||
| Finnish | yksi | 'one' | See Finnish phonology | ||
| French | tu | 'you' | The Parisian realization has been also described as near-close . See French phonology | ||
| German | Standard | über | 'over' | ||
| Many speakers | schützen | 'protect' | The usual realization of in Switzerland, Austria and partially also in Western and Southwestern Germany (Palatinate, Swabia). See Standard German phonology | ||
| Greek | Tyrnavos | σάλιο / salio | 'saliva' | ||
| Velvendos | |||||
| Hungarian | tű | 'pin' | See Hungarian phonology | ||
| Iaai | ûû | 'quarrel' | |||
| Korean | 뒤 / dwi | 'back' | Now usually a diphthong , especially in Seoul and surrounding dialects. See Korean phonology | ||
| Kurdish | Kurmanji (Northern) | kü | 'mountain' | ||
| Limburgish | zuut | 'sees' | Central in Maastricht. The example word is from the Weert dialect. | ||
| Lombard | Most dialects | ridüü | 'laughed' | ||
| Low German | für / fuur | 'fire' | |||
| Löyöp | vujuwa | 'one' | |||
| Luxembourgish | Hüll | 'envelope' | Occurs only in loanwords. See Luxembourgish phonology | ||
| Mongolian | Inner Mongolia | түймэр / tüimer | 'prairie fire' | ||
| Norwegian | syd | 'south' | The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel varies in rounding between compressed and protruded . It can be diphthongized to . See Norwegian phonology. | ||
| Occitan | musica | 'music' | See Occitan phonology | ||
| Plautdietsch | Canadian Old Colony | buut | 'builds' | ||
| Portuguese | Azorean | figura | 'figure' | ||
| Algarve | tudo | 'all' | |||
| Brazilian | déjà vu | 'déjà vu' | Found in French and German loanwords. Speakers may instead use or . See Portuguese phonology | ||
| Saterland Frisian | wüül | 'wanted' (v.) | |||
| Scottish Gaelic | younger Lewis speakers | ''c'''ù''''' | 'dog' | ||
| Swedish | Central Standard | ut | 'out' | ||
| Turkish | güneş | 'sun' | See Turkish phonology | ||
| Uyghur | ئۈزۈم / үзүм / üzüm | 'grape' | See Uyghur phonology | ||
| West Frisian | út | 'out' | See West Frisian phonology |
Close front protruded vowel
Catford notes that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few languages, such as Scandinavian ones, have protruded front vowels. One of these, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close near-front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).
As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, , will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is or (a close front vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed close front vowel and the unrounded close front vowel .
Features
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kurdish | Palewani (Southern) | کۊ | 'mountain' | |
| Norwegian | syd | 'south' | The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel varies in rounding between protruded and compressed . It can be diphthongized to . See Norwegian phonology. | |
| Swedish | Central Standard | yla | 'howl' |
Notes
References
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References
- {{Vowel terminology
- {{Harvcoltxt. Traunmüller. 1982, cited in {{Harvcoltxt. Ladefoged. Maddieson. 1996
- Jilka, Matthias. "Irish English and Ulster English". Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart.
- Loporcaro, Michele. (2015). "Vowel Length from Latin to Romance". Oxford University Press.
- [http://www.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/signum/article/viewFile/3758/3020 Variação Linguística no Português Europeu: O Caso do Português dos Açores] {{in lang. pt
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- "Aspiration".
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