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Close central unrounded vowel
Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɨ⟩ in IPA
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Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɨ⟩ in IPA
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| ipa symbol | ɨ |
| ipa number | 317 |
| decimal | 616 |
| x-sampa | 1 |
| imagefile | IPA Unicode 0x0268.svg |
| braille | 356 |
| braille2 | i |
|x-sampa=1
The close central unrounded vowel, or high central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , namely the lower-case letter i with a horizontal bar. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as barred i.
Occasionally, this vowel is transcribed (centralized ) or (centralized ).
The close central unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare post-palatal approximant .
Features
Occurrence
is uncommon as a phoneme in Indo-European languages, occurring most commonly in some Slavic languages, such as Belarusian and Russian (see ы). However, it is very common as a separate phoneme in the indigenous languages of the Americas and is often in phonemic contrast with other close vowels such as and both in modern living languages as well as reconstructed proto-languages (such as Proto-Uto-Aztecan). Campbell, Kaufman, and Smith-Stark identify the presence of this vowel phoneme as an areal feature of a Mesoamerican Sprachbund (although that is not a defining feature of the entire area).
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acehnese | tupeue | 'to know' | Asyik and Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi describe this sound as such while Durie describes it as closer to | ||
| Aikanã | tɨi | 'aunt' | It also happens as allophone of before . | ||
| Angami | Khonoma | prü | 'hail stone' | ||
| Arhuaco | ikʉ | 'Arhuaco language' | |||
| Armenian | Meghri | ագարակ/agarak | [hɨˈgɛrak] | 'farm' | |
| Bantawa | Ilam, Nepal | küma | 'afraid' | ||
| Chinese | Hokkien | 豬/nan | 'pig' | ||
| Mandarin | 十/cmn | 'ten' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʐ̩⟩ or ⟨ɻ̍⟩. | ||
| English | Southeastern English | rude | 'rude' | ||
| Guaraní | yvy | 'earth' | |||
| Hausa | cin abinci | 'to eat' | Allophone of . | ||
| Irish | Munster | caora | 'sheep' | ||
| Kalagan | 'beard' | ||||
| Kashmiri | ژٕنُن/ks | 'peach' | |||
| Kera | 'knee' | ||||
| Khmer | គិត/km | 'to think' | See Khmer phonology | ||
| Kurdish | Palewani (Southern) | کرماشان/kirmaşan | 'Kermanshah' | ||
| Latgalian | dyžan | 'very much' | See Latgalian phonology | ||
| Malay | Kelantan-Pattani | ngecat | 'to paint' | ||
| Mongolian | хүчир/mn | 'difficult' | |||
| Matis | 'wall' | ||||
| Mono | dɨ | 'count' | |||
| Mpade | sɨm | 'to eat' | |||
| Paicî | May be transcribed in IPA with . | ||||
| Romanian | înot | 'I swim' | See Romanian phonology | ||
| Russian | ты/ru | 'you' (singular/informal) | Occurs only after unpalatalized consonants. Near-close when unstressed. See Russian phonology | ||
| Sahaptin | kʼsit | 'cold' | Epenthetic. No lengthened equivalent | ||
| Sanumá | 'to see' | The nasal version also occurs. | |||
| Scottish Gaelic | Lewis | tuilleadh | 'more' | ||
| Shipibo | tenaitianronki | Possible realization of after coronal consonants. | |||
| Sirionó | 'dry wood' | ||||
| Sundanese | anjeun | 'you' | May be close back , close-mid central , or close-mid back by younger speakers. | ||
| Sümi | sü | 'to hurt' | Described variously as close and near-close . | ||
| Swedish | Bohuslän | bli | 'to become' | ||
| Närke | |||||
| Tajik | Bukharan | ғижғиж/cižciž | 'the sound of wood sawing' | ||
| Tamil | vály (வால்) | 'tail' | Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be rounded instead. See Tamil phonology | ||
| Tera | zu̱ | 'said' | |||
| Tsou | hahocngx, hahocngʉ | 'man' | , with free variant . Used to be written as , but changed to for more convenient typing. | ||
| Tupi | ybytyra | 'mountain' | See Tupian Phonology | ||
| Turkish | Standard | sığ | 'shallow' | ||
| Balkans | eski | [es.'kɨ] | 'old' | Word-final merger of standard Turkish sounds and , shift of and into single phoneme due to interactions caused by Balkan sprachbund. Dombrowski transcribes this phoneme as . | |
| Udmurt | yrgete/ыргетэ | 'it growls' | |||
| Vietnamese | bưng | 'to carry' | |||
| Wayuu | paanüküin | 'your mouth' | |||
| Welsh | Northern dialects | llun | 'picture' | ||
| Yaeyama | pïtu | 'person' | |||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan | nɨ | 'be sour' |
The sound of Polish is often represented as , but actually it is a close-mid advanced central unrounded vowel, more narrowly transcribed . Similarly, European Portuguese unstressed , often represented as , is actually a near-close near-back unrounded vowel, more narrowly transcribed using ad hoc symbols such as (mid-centralized), (fronted) and (less rounded, i.e. unrounded).
Near-close central unrounded vowel
Some languages feature the near-close central unrounded vowel, which is slightly lower. It is most often transcribed in IPA with and , but other transcriptions such as and are also possible. In many British dictionaries, this vowel has been transcribed , which captures its height; in the American tradition it is more often , which captures its centrality, or , which captures both. is also used in a number of other publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells. In the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, represents variation between and .
Features
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amharic | ሥር/am | 'root' | Near-close. | |
| Berber | Central Atlas Tamazight | ⵅⴷⵉⵎ/khdim | 'to work' | |
| English | Inland Southern American | good | 'good' | |
| Southeastern English | May be rounded instead; it corresponds to in other dialects. See English phonology | |||
| London | *lip* | 'lip' | Possible realization of . | |
| South African | For some speakers it can be equal to . General and Broad varieties of SAE have an allophonic variation, with ( in Broad) occurring near velar and palatal consonants, and elsewhere. See South African English phonology | |||
| Southern American | Allophone of before labial consonants, sometimes also in other environments. | |||
| Irish | goirt | 'salty' | ||
| Ulster | saol | [sɨ̞l] | 'life' | Allophone of . Near-close. |
| Mah Meri | 'to be drunk' | |||
| Mapudungun | müṉa | 'male cousin on father's side' | Unstressed allophone of . | |
| Tera | vu̱r | 'to give' | Allophone of in closed syllables. | |
| Welsh | Northern dialects | *pump* | 'five' |
Notes
References
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References
- {{Vowel terminology
- See e.g. {{Harvcoltxt. Cruttenden. 2014. GOOSE vowel {{IPA. /uː/ with the symbol {{IPA. [ɯ̈ː].
- Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".
- {{Harvcoltxt. Campbell. Kaufman. Smith-Stark. 1986
- Asyik, Abdul Gani. (1982). "The agreement system in Acehnese". [[Mon-Khmer Studies]].
- Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi, Awwad Ahmad. (2003). "Acehnese coda condition: An optimality-theoretic account". Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities.
- [http://www.acehinstitute.org/Durie_1990.pdf Mid-vowels in Acehnese] {{webarchive. link. (2010-07-14)
- (2015). "Phonological inventory of Paraguayan Guarani". University of California.
- "Koshur: Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course: Transcription".
- (2018). "南島語言叢書⑦ 鄒語語法概論". Council of Indigenous Peoples.
- {{Harvcoltxt. Zimmer. Orgun. 1999
- {{Harvcoltxt. Göksel. Kerslake. 2005
- {{Harvcoltxt. Kılıç. Öğüt. 2004
- "Vowel Harmony Loss in West Rumelian Turkish".
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- {{Harvcoltxt. Pullum. Ladusaw. 1996
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