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Close central rounded vowel
Vowel sound represented by ⟨ʉ⟩ in IPA
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Vowel sound represented by ⟨ʉ⟩ in IPA
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| ipa symbol | ʉ |
| ipa number | 318 |
| decimal | 649 |
| x-sampa | } |
| imagefile | IPA Unicode 0x0289.svg |
| braille | 356 |
| braille2 | u |
|x-sampa=}
The close central rounded vowel, or high central rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The sound is also commonly referred to by the name of its symbol, "barred u".
The close central rounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare labialized post-palatal approximant .
In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips (endolabial). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed (exolabial).
Close central protruded vowel
The close central protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as , and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, , can be used as an ad hoc symbol for the close central protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is or (a close central vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
Features
Occurrence
Because central rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angami | Khonoma | su | 'deep' | ||||||||||||
| Armenian | Some Eastern dialects | յուղ/yowġ | 'oil' | ||||||||||||
| Berber | Ayt Seghrouchen | ⵍⵍⴰⵢⴳⴳⵓⵔ/llayggur | 'he goes' | ||||||||||||
| Dutch | Standard Northern | nu | 'now' | ||||||||||||
| English | Australian | *goose* | 'goose' | ||||||||||||
| New Zealand | See New Zealand English phonology | ||||||||||||||
| Modern Received Pronunciation | Realized as back in the conservative variety. | ||||||||||||||
| last=Watson | first=Kevin | year=2007 | title=Liverpool English | journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association | volume=37 | issue=3 | pages=351–360 | url=http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/4011/1/download2.pdf?origin=publication_detail | doi=10.1017/s0025100307003180 | s2cid=232345844 | doi-access=free}} | May (less commonly) be fully front instead. | |||
| South African | Realized as back in the conservative variety and in many Black and Indian varieties. See South African English phonology | ||||||||||||||
| General American | Can be back instead. | ||||||||||||||
| German | Upper Saxon | Buden | 'booths' | ||||||||||||
| Hausa | Allophone of . | ||||||||||||||
| Ibibio | Dialect of the Uruan area and Uyo | *fuuk* | 'cover many things/times' | ||||||||||||
| Some dialects | Phonemic; contrasts with . | ||||||||||||||
| Irish | Munster | *ciúin* | 'quiet' | ||||||||||||
| Ulster | *úllaí* | 'apples' | Often only weakly rounded; may be transcribed in IPA with . | ||||||||||||
| Irula | "to surround" | Has other centralized vowels. | |||||||||||||
| Kurdish | Southern | *müçig* | 'dust' | ||||||||||||
| Limburgish | Some dialects | bruudsje | 'breadroll' | ||||||||||||
| Lüsu | 'Lüsu' | ||||||||||||||
| Russian | *кюрий*/kyuriy/kjurij | 'curium' | Allophone of between palatalized consonants. Near-close when unstressed. See Russian phonology | ||||||||||||
| Scots | buit | 'boot' | May be more front instead. | ||||||||||||
| Scottish Gaelic | older Lewis speakers | ''co-dh'''iù''''' | 'anyway' | ||||||||||||
| Wester Ross and Lochalsh | Normal allophone of . | ||||||||||||||
| Swedish | Bohuslän | yla | 'howl' | ||||||||||||
| Närke | |||||||||||||||
| Tamil | வால் | 'tail' | Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be unrounded instead. See Tamil phonology |
Close central compressed vowel
As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the centering diacritic may be used with the front rounded vowel , which is normally compressed, to create the ad hoc symbol . Other possible transcriptions are ( with spread lips) and ( modified with labial compression).
Features
Occurrence
This vowel is typically transcribed in IPA with . It occurs in some dialects of Swedish, but see also close front compressed vowel. The close back vowels of Norwegian and Swedish are also compressed. See close back compressed vowel. It also occurs in Japanese as an allophone. Medumba has a compressed central vowel where the corners of the mouth are not drawn together.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norwegian | Urban East | hus | 'house' | |
| Swedish | Some dialects | ful | 'ugly' |
Near-close central rounded vowel
Some languages feature the near-close central rounded vowel, which is slightly lower. It is most often transcribed in IPA with , and , but is also a possible transcription. The symbol , a conflation of and , is used as an unofficial extension of the IPA to represent this sound by a number of publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells. In the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, represents free variation between and .
Features
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | Collins | Mees | 2003 | pp=128, 131}}. The source describes the Standard Dutch vowel as front-central , but more sources (e.g. and ) describe it as central . As far as the raised varieties of this vowel are concerned, Collins and Mees do not describe their exact backness. | hut | 'hut' | |
| English | Estuary | *foot* | 'foot' | ||||
| Cockney | *good* | 'good' | Only in some words, particularly good, otherwise realized as near-back . | ||||
| Rural white Southern American | Can be front instead. | ||||||
| Southeastern English | May be unrounded instead; it corresponds to in other dialects. See English phonology | ||||||
| Ulster | Short allophone of . | ||||||
| Shetland | *strut* | 'strut' | Can be or instead. |
Near-close central compressed vowel
As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the centering diacritic may be used with the front rounded vowel , which is normally compressed, to create the ad hoc symbol . Other possible transcriptions are ( with spread lips) and ( modified with labial compression).
Features
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japanese | Some younger speakers | 空気 / ja | 'air' | |
| Standard Tokyo pronunciation | 寿司 / ja | 'sushi' | Allophone of after and palatalized consonants. See Japanese phonology |
Notes
References
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References
- {{Vowel terminology
- Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".
- Watson, Kevin. (2007). "Liverpool English". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
- "Aspiration".
- e.g. in Flemming (2002) ''Auditory representations in phonology'', p. 83.
- (2015). "ON MEDUMBA BILABIAL TRILLS AND VOWELS". 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences.
- {{Harvcoltxt. Collins. Mees. 2003. ø. ɵ̟, but more sources (e.g. {{Harvcoltxt. van Heuven. Genet. 2002 and {{Harvcoltxt. Verhoeven. 2005) describe it as central {{IPAblink. ɵ. As far as the raised varieties of this vowel are concerned, Collins and Mees do not describe their exact backness.
- Jilka, Matthias. "Irish English and Ulster English". Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart.
- Labrune, Laurence. (2012). "The Phonology of Japanese". Oxford University Press.
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