Cirsium palustre

Description

Cirsium palustre is a tall thistle which reaches up to 2 m in height. The strong stems have few branches and are covered in small spines. In its first year the plant grows as a dense rosette, at first with narrow, entire leaves with spiny, dark purple edges; later, larger leaves are lobed. In the subsequent years the plant grows a tall, straight stem, the tip of which branches repeatedly, bearing a candelabra of dark purple flowers, 10 - with purple-tipped bracts. In the northern hemisphere these are produced from June to September. The flowers are occasionally white, in which case the purple edges to the leaves are absent.

Image:Cirsium_palustre.jpg|llustration File:Cirsium palustre20160617 5174.jpg|As a pot plant

Ecology

The plant provides a great deal of nectar for pollinators. It was rated first out of the top 10 for most nectar production (nectar per unit cover per year) in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative.

It is native to Europe where it is particularly common on damp ground such as marshes, wet fields, moorland and beside streams. In Canada and the northern United States, it is an introduced species that has become invasive. It grows in dense thickets that can crowd out slower growing native plants.

Cirsium palustre is broadly distributed throughout much of Europe and eastward to central Asia. This thistle's occurrence is linked to the spread of human agriculture from the mid-Holocene era or before. It is a constant plant of several fen-meadow plant associations, including the Juncus subnodulosus-Cirsium palustre fen-meadow. The flowers are visited by a wide variety of insects, featuring a generalised pollination syndrome.

References

References

1. "Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop.". Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.
2. {{BSBI 2007
3. J. S. Rodwell. 1998. ''British Plant Communities'', p. 227
4. [http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=cirsium+palustre Altervista Flora Italiana, Cardo di palude, Sumpf-Kratzdistel, kärrtistel, ''Cirsium palustre'' (L.) Scop.] includes photos and European distribution map
5. (2014-10-15). "Which flowers are the best source of nectar?". Conservation Grade.
6. "Marsh Plume Thistle, Aliens Among Us.".
7. [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066389 Flora of North America, European swamp or marsh thistle, cirse ou chardon des marais, ''Cirsium palustre'' (Linnaeus) Scopoli]
8. [http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Cirsium%20palustre.png Biota of North America Program 22014 county distribution map]
9. link. (December 13, 2012)
10. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology.