Cinematograph Act 1909

Origins

During the 1890s and 1900s, most film exhibition took place in temporary venues such as fairgrounds, music halls and hastily converted shops (so-called 'penny gaffs'). The film then in use was made from the highly flammable cellulose nitrate base. Combined with limelight illumination, this created a significant safety hazard, resulting in a number of fatal fires. After the Bazar de la Charité fire in Paris in 1897, where 126 people lost their lives, the London City Council issued specific fire regulations to licensed theatres in 1898 as a forerunner to the Cinematograph Act.

The 1909 Act specified a strict building code which required, amongst other things, that the projector be enclosed within a fire resisting enclosure. All commercial cinemas (defined as any business which admitted members of the public to see films in exchange for payment) had to comply with these regulations. In order to enforce this each cinema had to be inspected and licensed by the local authority. The Act was amended in the wake of the 1929 Glen Cinema Disaster in order to give local authorities more powers to regulate the number of emergency exits and insist on other safety measures.

Legal basis of censorship

In the following year, the owner of the London Bridge Picture Palace and Cinematograph Theatre, in South London, was prosecuted under Section 2 of the Act after he defied a condition of the licence issued by the local authority, the London County Council, by opening on a Sunday (27 February 1910). In the appeal hearing which resulted, the cinema owner argued that the intention of the 1909 Act was simply to ensure health and safety, and that authorities had no legal power to attach unrelated conditions to cinemas' licences. The LCC won the appeal, which established the precedent that the purpose of restrictions on a cinema licence did not have to be restricted to fire prevention.

In the aftermath of this case, local authorities across the country began to censor the content of films, using their licensing powers under the 1909 Act. This concerned the film industry, which was worried that inconsistent censorship policies would undermine it: under this ad hoc system, a film-maker had no way of knowing the size of his potential market (i.e. how many authorities would allow or ban his film), and cinema owners in areas with strict censorship policies would suffer financially compared to those in more liberal towns.

The result was the creation of the British Board of Film Censors in 1912, a private company which examined and certified films according to nationally agreed criteria. It was financed by the fees paid by film-makers to the BBFC to have their films examined. Councils began to issue cinema licences with a provision stating that they may show only films which had been passed by the BBFC, rather than censoring films themselves.

Although the Act itself was later superseded, its provisions remain the legal basis on which the content of films for cinema exhibition is regulated in the UK. There are occasionally high-profile cases in which a local authority overrules a BBFC decision within its given jurisdiction, either to raise the certificate or ban outright films the Board has passed, or to allow screening of films it has not. The BBFC was given statutory powers for the first time in 1985, when it was designated as the classifying authority under the Video Recordings Act 1984, in respect of most commercial video recordings sold or hired in the UK. But these powers do not affect theatrical exhibition, the legal regulation of which remains with local authorities.

In the Irish Free State, the Censorship of Films Act 1923 established an Official Censor of Films and removed the right of local authorities to attach censorship conditions to cinema licences.

Repeal

The 1909 act was repealed in the United Kingdom by the Cinema Act 1985 and in the Republic of Ireland by the Fire Services Act 1981.

References

References

1. [https://theses.gla.ac.uk/7198/1/2016bohlmannphd.pdf Regulating and mediating the social role of cinema in Scotland, 1896-1933 (page 39)]
2. (2010). "The Thirties - an Intimate History". Harper Press.
3. ''[[London County Council. LCC]] v. Bermondsey Bioscope Co.'', [1911] 1 K.B. 445
4. "Censorship of Films Act, 1923".
5. "Cinemas Act 1985, Schedule 3".
6. "Fire Services Act 1981 s.8(1)".