Christmas flood of 1964

History

An atypical cold spell began in Oregon on December 13, 1964, that froze the soil, and it was followed by unusually heavy snow. Subsequently, an atmospheric river brought persistent, heavy, warm rain. The temperature increased by 30 to. This melted the snow, but left the soil frozen and impermeable. Some places received the equivalent of a year's rain in just a few days. Albany, Oregon, received 13 in of rain in December, almost double its average December rainfall of 7 in. Detroit, Oregon recorded an extra 18 in of rain, and at Crater Lake, where the average normal December rainfall is 12 in, there was over 38 in of rain. As rivers and streams overflowed and the soil became saturated, mudslides occurred, roads closed, and reservoirs overflowed. Many towns were isolated. By the end of the flood, every river in Oregon was above flood stage, and more than 30 major bridges were impassable.

Late January

Heavy warm rain and melting snow caused more flooding in late January 1965, after the waters had begun to recede from the December flood.

Effects and aftermath

Oregon

The Christmas flood of 1964 was "the most severe rainstorm to ever occur over central Oregon, and among the most severe over western Oregon since the late 1870s", according to the National Weather Service office in Portland.

Some of the worst mudslides occurred in the Mount Hood Corridor, and one man died in a mud and debris avalanche near Rhododendron that destroyed 15 houses. Other deaths occurred from drowning and electrocution, and one man died when the new John Day bridge collapsed.

Yamhill County was severely affected. The Highway 219 bridge between Newberg and St. Paul, and Wilsonville Road between Newberg and Wilsonville were closed, trapping hundreds of people.

On the Oregon Coast, downtown Reedsport was flooded with 8 ft of water, and in Coos Bay, a massive logjam contributed to severe flooding. The ports at Gold Beach and Brookings were destroyed.

At Oregon City, Willamette Falls was unrecognizable as a waterfall, and the city was flooded by several feet of water. In Portland, the lower deck of the Steel Bridge was underwater and had also been hit by a log raft consisting of around 1,000 logs. The impact of the raft severely damaged the Hawthorne Bridge, closing it for a year. At 12 ft above flood stage, the flooding of the Willamette River at Portland in 1964 was second only to the 1948 flood that wiped out Vanport City. At its peak, the water was at the top of Downtown Portland's seawall.

Salem Memorial Hospital (now Salem Health) had to be evacuated after waters from nearby Shelton Ditch and Mill Creek flooded the hospital's basement. Hospital staff, parks department employees, and inmates from the Oregon State Penitentiary placed sandbags around the hospital to prevent floodwaters from coming in. Eventually, the flooding coupled with a loss of power led to the decision to evacuate patients to Salem General Hospital on Center Street. 121 patients were evacuated from Salem Memorial by hospital staff, doctors, ambulance crews, and the National Guard. The hospital was able to reopen five days later after extensive work to repair the flooding damage.

The Southern Pacific (SP) rail line between Portland and San Francisco was out of service for eighteen days as crews repaired damage from landslides near the 4885 ft Cascade Summit; and the parallel Willamette Pass highway was blocked for several days. Salt Creek washed out 25 mile of Oregon Route 58 and undermined the SP viaduct footings. Landslides covered 700 ft of SP track near Oakridge, and swept away 130 ft of the Noisy Creek bridge 20 mile north of Crescent Lake. The Willamette River washed out 300 ft of SP track between Portland and Albany.

California

Starting on December 21, intense downpours across Northern California caused numerous streams to flood, many to record-breaking levels. California Governor Brown declared 34 counties in the region disaster areas. Together, Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino, Siskiyou, Trinity, and Sonoma counties sustained more damage than the other 28 counties combined. Twenty-six U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauges were destroyed.

North Coast

The Eel, Smith, Klamath, Trinity, Salmon, and Mad rivers, as well as other rivers and large streams, all went well beyond flood stage and peaked nearly simultaneously around December 21 and 22, breaking previous records (notably those set in the "hundred year" flood of 1955 in most cases). The federal government ordered in military assistance, including Air Force, Army, and Navy aircraft along with the destroyer escort USS Walton and the aircraft carrier USS Bennington to ferry in both supplies and in the latter's case, much needed helicopters.

Many communities of Del Norte and Humboldt counties suffered extensive power outages and were left isolated or cut off from the rest of the state for a period, including the region's larger populated areas around Humboldt Bay, such as Eureka and Arcata, despite the fact that those cities were located on higher ground and not in the path of raging rivers. Riverside communities like Klamath, Orleans, Myers Flat, Weott, South Fork, Shively, Pepperwood, Stafford, and Ti-Bar were completely destroyed by flood waters; some of them were never rebuilt and none regained their former status. Metropolitan, Rio Dell, and Scotia were significantly damaged. The Pacific Lumber Company sawmill at Scotia lost 40 e6board feet of logs and lumber washed downstream. Crescent City, still recovering from the tsunami created by the 1964 Alaska earthquake only nine months earlier, also suffered from the floods.

Over 550 mm of rain fell on the Eel River basin in a span of two days. By December 23, 752000 ft3/s of water rushed down the Eel River at Scotia (still upstream from the confluence of the Van Duzen River), 200000 ft3/s more than the 1955 flood, and more than the average discharge of the entire Mississippi River basin. Just under 200000 ft3/s of water flowed down the South Fork Eel River alone, causing severe damage along its entire length. Every stream gauge on the Eel River was destroyed except the one at Fernbridge where the bridge survived the flood. The flood crest at Miranda was 46 ft. Signs were later placed on top of tall poles to mark the unusual height of the water.

The Smith River, located in Del Norte County near the Oregon border, reached flows of 228000 ft3/s at Hiouchi, easily surpassing the 1955 flood's previous record of 165000 ft3/s. The town of Gasquet received 26.6 in of rain over an eight-day period, and Crescent City received 9.2 in.

The Klamath River reached flows of 557000 ft3/s, submerging the town of Klamath under 15 ft of water.

The Trinity River, one of the Klamath's largest tributaries, also flooded and wrought destruction along its length. The Trinity, however, did not break the 1955 flood's records because of the newly constructed Trinity Dam, which stored 372200 acre.ft of runoff from the storm. Nonetheless, 231000 ft3/s of water rushed down the river at Hoopa.

Between December 20 and December 26, 10390000 acre.ft of water flowed into the Pacific Ocean from the combined rivers and streams on the North Coast (of California).

Central Valley and beyond

In the California Central Valley, the Yosemite Valley was flooded, and residents of Yuba City were evacuated. Many streams reached record flood stages, including the Feather River, Yuba River, American River, Cottonwood Creek, and Butte Creek. The flood caused the uncompleted Hell Hole Dam on the Rubicon River to fail, sending even more water downstream. In total, 375000 acre of the Central Valley was flooded.

Elsewhere

In southwest Washington, rising rivers threatened Centralia and Longview–Kelso and closed Interstate 5 and all railways at flooded Kalama for over a week. In Nevada, the Truckee River threatened Reno.

References

References

1. Lucia, Ellis. (1965). "Wild Water: The Story of the Far West's Great Christmas Week Floods". Overland West Press.
2. "Lower Columbia River Basin". United States Army Corps of Engineers.
3. Dresbeck, Rachel. (2006). "Oregon Disasters: True Stories of Tragedy and Survival". [[Globe Pequot Press.
4. (2002). "Willamette River Basin Planning Atlas – Flood Inundations/FEMA Floodplains". [[Oregon State University Press]].
5. "Oregon's Top 10 Weather Events of 1900s: Floods of December 1964 to January 1965". National Weather Service Forecast Office.
6. "1964 Christmas Flood". [[Oregon Department of Transportation]].
7. California Department of Water Resources. (January 1965). "Flood! December 1964 to January 1965". California Department of Water Resources.
8. "125 Years of Care {{!}} Salem Health".
9. Center, Heritage. (14 December 2015). "Christmas Flood Evacuation of Salem Memorial Hospital".
10. (1965). "Record Floods Ravage the Railroad". Francis A. Guido.
11. "EUREKA FLOODS - Christmas 1964 - PHOTO - USS BENNINGTON".
12. "EUREKA FLOODS - Christmas 1964 - PHOTO - USS BENNINGTON".
13. "EUREKA FLOODS - Christmas 1964 - PHOTO - USS BENNINGTON".
14. "11477000 Eel River at Scotia, California". United States Geological Survey.
15. Kammerer, J. C.. (May 1990). "Largest Rivers in the United States". United States Geological Survey.
16. California. Dept. of Water Resources. (1965). "Flood! December 1964-January 1965". [Sacramento].
17. "The Eel River Floods of 1955 and 1964". California Department of Parks and Recreation.
18. (2005). "11532500 Smith River Near Crescent City, California". United States Geological Survey.
19. (2005). "11530500 Klamath River Near Klamath, California". United States Geological Survey.
20. (2005). "11530000 Trinity River At Hoopa, California". United States Geological Survey.