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Chicago school (architecture)

American architectural style

Summary

American architectural style

The [[Chicago Building]] by [[Holabird & Roche]] (1904–1905) is a prime example of the Chicago School, displaying both variations of the Chicago window

The Chicago School refers to two architectural styles derived from the architecture of Chicago. In the history of architecture, the first Chicago School was a school of architects active in Chicago in the late 19th, and at the turn of the 20th century. They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings, and developed a spatial esthetic which co-evolved with, and then came to influence, parallel developments in European Modernism. Much of its early work is also known as Commercial Style.

A "Second Chicago School" with a modernist esthetic emerged in the 1940s through 1970s, which pioneered new building technologies and structural systems, such as the tube-frame structure.

First Chicago School

While the term "Chicago School" is widely used to describe buildings constructed in the city during the 1880s and 1890s, this term has been disputed by scholars, in particular in reaction to Carl Condit's 1952 book The Chicago School of Architecture. Historians such as H. Allen Brooks, Winston Weisman and Daniel Bluestone have pointed out that the phrase suggests a unified set of esthetic or conceptual precepts, when, in fact, Chicago buildings of the era displayed a wide variety of styles and techniques. Contemporary publications used the phrase "Commercial Style" to describe the innovative tall buildings of the era, rather than proposing any sort of unified "school".

Fisher Building]] (built 1895–1896, and still standing), meant the height of a building was no longer limited by the strength of its walls.

Some of the distinguishing features of the Chicago School are the use of steel-frame buildings with masonry cladding (usually terracotta), allowing large plate-glass window areas and limiting the amount of exterior ornamentation. Sometimes elements of neoclassical architecture are used in Chicago School skyscrapers. Many Chicago School skyscrapers contain the three parts of a classical column. The lowest floors functions as the base, the middle stories, usually with little ornamental detail, act as the shaft of the column, and the last floor or two, often capped with a cornice and often with more ornamental detail, represent the capital.

The "Chicago window" originated in this school. It is a three-part window consisting of a large fixed center panel flanked by two smaller double-hung sash windows. The arrangement of windows on the facade typically creates a grid pattern, with some projecting out from the facade forming bay windows. The Chicago window combined the functions of light-gathering and natural ventilation; a single central pane was usually fixed, while the two surrounding panes were operable. These windows were often deployed in bays, known as oriel windows, that projected out over the street.

Architects whose names are associated with the Chicago School include Henry Hobson Richardson, Dankmar Adler, Daniel Burnham, William Holabird, William LeBaron Jenney, Martin Roche, John Root, Solon S. Beman, and Louis Sullivan. Frank Lloyd Wright started in the firm of Adler and Sullivan but created his own Prairie Style of architecture.

The Home Insurance Building, which some regarded as the first skyscraper in the world, was built in Chicago in 1885 and was demolished in 1931.

Buildings in Chicago

Photo	Name	Year
[[File:Historic American Buildings Survey Cervin Robinson, Photographer 21 July 1963 SOUTH AND EAST ELEVATIONS FROM SOUTHWEST - Leiter I Building, 200-208 West Monroe Street, Chicago, HABS ILL,16-CHIG,23-1 (cropped).tif	150px]]	Leiter I Building	1879
[[File:Montauk building.jpg	150px]]	Montauk Building	1882–1883
[[File:1891 Rookery building.jpg	150px]]	Rookery Building	1886
[[File:Auditorium Building Chicago June 30, 2012-92.jpg	150px]]	Auditorium Building	1889
[[File:Leiter II Building.jpg	150px]]	Leiter II Building	1891
[[File:20070613 Ludington Building crop.JPG	150px]]	Ludington Building	1891–1892
[[File:Monadnock.jpg	150px]]	Monadnock Building	1891–1893
[[File:2010-03-03 1872x2808 chicago reliance building.jpg	150px]]	Reliance Building	1890–1895
[[File:2010-03-03 1968x2952 chicago marquette building.jpg	150px]]	Marquette Building	1895
[[File:2010-03-03 1968x2952 chicago fisher building.jpg	150px]]	Fisher Building	1895–1896
[[File:20070530 Gage Building.JPG	150px]]	Gage Group Buildings	1898
[[File:2010-03-03 1888x2832 chicago sullivan center with heyworth building.jpg	150px]]	Sullivan Center	1899
[[File:Heyworth Building.JPG	150px]]	Heyworth Building	1904
[[File:2010-03-03 1856x2784 chicago chicago building.jpg	150px]]	Chicago Building	1904–1905
[[File:2010-07-12 1880x2820 chicago brooks building.jpg	150px]]	Brooks Building	1910
[[File:Transportation buidling.jpg	150px]]	Transportation Building/Heisen Building	1910–1911

Buildings outside Chicago

Photo	Name	Year	Localization
[[File:2010-07-04 1880x2820 stlouis wainwright building.jpg	150px]]	Wainwright Building	1891	St. Louis, Missouri
[[File:Mills Building (San Francisco).jpg	150px]]	Mills Building and Tower	1892	San Francisco, California
[[File:GoodspeedBrothersBuildingGrandRapidsMI.jpg	150px]]	Goodspeed Brothers Building	1895	Grand Rapids, Michigan
[[File:Prudential Building 2013-09-08 12-21-41.jpg	150px]]	Prudential (Guaranty) Building	1896	Buffalo, New York
[[File:Union Bank of Canada, Leland Hotel, Volunteer Monument and City Hall, Winnipeg, Man. ..jpg	150px]]	Union Bank Building	1904	Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
[[File:Pensacola Blount bldg01.jpg	150px]]	Blount Building	1907	Pensacola, Florida
[[File:ConsultancyHouse.jpg	150px]]	Consultancy House	1910	Dunedin, New Zealand
[[File:OldNationalBank.jpg	150px]]	Old National Bank Building	1910	Spokane, Washington
[[File:SwetlandCLE.jpg	150px]]	Swetland Building	1910	Cleveland, Ohio
[[File:Kearns building saltlakecity utah.jpg	150px]]	Kearns Building	1911	Salt Lake City, Utah
[[File:StJames-Building-Jacksonville-2006.jpg	150px]]	St. James Building	1912	Jacksonville, Florida
[[File:Western Auto.jpg	150px]]	Western Auto Building	1914	Kansas City, Missouri
[[File:McLeod Building night Edmonton.jpg	150px]]	McLeod Building	1915	Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
[[File:The LifeSavers Building.jpg	150px]]	LifeSavers Building	1920	Port Chester, NY
[[File:Sycamore Building northern side and rear.jpg	thumb	]]	Citizens' Trust Company Building	1922	Terre Haute, IN
[[File:Nicholas Building.jpg	150px]]	Nicholas Building	1926	Melbourne, Australia

Second Chicago School

[[Willis Tower]], completed in 1973, introduced the bundled tube structural system and was the world's tallest building until 1998

In the 1940s, a "Second Chicago School" emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and his efforts of education at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. Mies sought to concentrate on neutral architectural forms instead of historicist ones, and the standard Miesian building is characterized by the presence of large glass panels and the use of steel for vertical and horizontal members.

The Second Chicago School's first and purest expression was the 860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1951) and their technological achievements. The structural engineer for the Lake Shore Drive Apartments project was Georgia Louise Harris Brown, who was the first African-American to receive an architecture degree from the University of Kansas, and second African-American woman to receive an architecture license in the United States.

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, a Chicago-based architectural firm, was the first to erect buildings conforming to the features of the Second Chicago School. Myron Goldsmith, Bruce Graham, Walter Netsch, and Fazlur Khan were among its most influential architects. The Bangladeshi-born structural engineer Khan introduced a new structural system of framed tubes in skyscraper design and construction. The tube structure, formed by closely spaced interconnected exterior columns, resists "lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation." About half the exterior surface is available for windows. Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity. The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building, which Khan designed and was completed in Chicago by 1963. This laid the foundations for the tube structures of many other later skyscrapers, including his own John Hancock Center and Willis Tower.

Today, there are different styles of architecture all throughout the city, such as the Chicago School, neo-classical, art deco, modern, and postmodern.

References

"Commercial style definition". Wisconsin Historical Society.
Franz Schulze. (2005). "Architecture: The Second Chicago School". [[Chicago Historical Society]].
(2011). "Built By Women: 800 Lakeshore Drive". [[Beverly Willis]] Architecture Foundation.
Billington, David P.. (1985). "The Tower and the Bridge: The New Art of Structural Engineering". [[Princeton University Press]].
"Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers".
Alfred Swenson & Pao-Chi Chang. (2008). "building construction".
Ali, Mir M.. (2001). "Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers: from Ingalls to Jin mao". Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering.

Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

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