From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base

Chemical Weapons Convention

Multilateral treaty prohibiting the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons

Field	Value
name	Chemical Weapons Convention
long_name	Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction
image	CWC Participation.svg
image_width	400px
caption	Participation in the Chemical Weapons Convention
date_drafted	3 September 1992
date_signed	13 January 1993
location_signed	Paris and New York
date_effective	29 April 1997
condition_effective	Ratification by 65 states
signatories	165
parties	193 (List of state parties)
Four UN states are not party: Egypt, Israel, North Korea and South Sudan.
depositor	UN Secretary-General
languages	Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish

Four UN states are not party: Egypt, Israel, North Korea and South Sudan. The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), officially the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction, is an arms control treaty administered by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), an intergovernmental organization based in The Hague, Netherlands. The treaty entered into force on 29 April 1997. It prohibits the use of chemical weapons, and the large-scale development, production, stockpiling, or transfer of chemical weapons or their precursors, except for very limited purposes (research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective). The main obligation of member states under the convention is to effect this prohibition, as well as the destruction of all current chemical weapons. All destruction activities must take place under OPCW verification.

193 states have become parties to the CWC and accept its obligations. Israel has signed but not ratified the agreement, while three other UN member states (Egypt, North Korea and South Sudan) have neither signed nor acceded to the treaty. Most recently, the State of Palestine deposited its instrument of accession to the CWC on 17 May 2018. In September 2013, Syria acceded to the convention as part of an agreement for the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons.

Under the convention, the entirety of the chemical weapons stockpiles declared by the States Parties to the convention have been irreversibly destroyed, an achievement reached in July 2023. The convention has provisions for systematic evaluation of chemical production facilities, as well as for investigations of allegations of use and production of chemical weapons based on the intelligence of other state parties.

Some chemicals which have been used extensively in warfare but have numerous large-scale industrial uses (such as phosgene) are highly regulated; however, certain notable exceptions exist. Chlorine gas is highly toxic, but being a pure element and widely used for peaceful purposes, is not officially listed as a chemical weapon. Certain state powers (e.g. the former Assad regime of Syria) continued to regularly manufacture and implement such chemicals in combat munitions. Although these chemicals are not specifically listed as controlled by the CWC, the use of any toxic chemical as a weapon (when used to produce fatalities solely or mainly through its toxic action) is in and of itself forbidden by the treaty. Other chemicals, such as white phosphorus, are highly toxic but are legal under the CWC when they are used by military forces for reasons other than their toxicity.{{cite news | access-date=4 April 2007

History

The CWC augments the Geneva Protocol of 1925, which bans the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts, but not their development or possession. The CWC also includes extensive verification measures such as on-site inspections, in stark contrast to the 1975 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), which lacks a verification regime.

After several changes of name and composition, the ENDC evolved into the Conference on Disarmament (CD) in 1984. On 3 September 1992 the CD submitted to the U.N. General Assembly its annual report, which contained the text of the Chemical Weapons Convention. The General Assembly approved the convention on 30 November 1992, and the U.N. Secretary-General then opened the convention for signature in Paris on 13 January 1993. The CWC remained open for signature until its entry into force on 29 April 1997, 180 days after the deposit at the UN by Hungary of the 65th instrument of ratification.

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)

Main article: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

The convention is administered by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which acts as the legal platform for specification of the CWC provisions. The Conference of the States Parties is mandated to change the CWC and pass regulations on the implementation of CWC requirements. The Technical Secretariat of the organization conducts inspections to ensure compliance of member states. These inspections target destruction facilities (where constant monitoring takes place during destruction), chemical weapons production facilities which have been dismantled or converted for civil use, as well as inspections of the chemical industry. The Secretariat may furthermore conduct "investigations of alleged use" of chemical weapons and give assistance after use of chemical weapons.

The 2013 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the organization because it had, with the Chemical Weapons Convention, "defined the use of chemical weapons as a taboo under international law" according to Thorbjørn Jagland, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

Key points of the Convention

Prohibition of production and use of chemical weapons
Destruction (or monitored conversion to other functions) of chemical weapons production facilities
Destruction of all chemical weapons (including chemical weapons abandoned outside the state parties territory)
Assistance between State Parties and the OPCW in the case of use of chemical weapons
An OPCW inspection regime for the production of chemicals which might be converted to chemical weapons
International cooperation in the peaceful use of chemistry in relevant areas

Controlled substances

Main article: Schedules of substances annexed to the Chemical Weapons Convention

The convention distinguishes three classes of controlled substance, chemicals that can either be used as weapons themselves or used in the manufacture of weapons. The classification is based on the quantities of the substance produced commercially for legitimate purposes. Each class is split into Part A, which are chemicals that can be used directly as weapons, and Part B, which are chemicals useful in the manufacture of chemical weapons. Separate from the precursors, the convention defines toxic chemicals as "[a]ny chemical which through its chemical action on life processes can cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm to humans or animals. This includes all such chemicals, regardless of their origin or of their method of production, and regardless of whether they are produced in facilities, in munitions or elsewhere."

Schedule 1 chemicals have few, or no uses outside chemical weapons. These may be produced or used for research, medical, pharmaceutical or chemical weapon defence testing purposes but production at sites producing more than 100 grams per year must be declared to the OPCW. A country is limited to possessing a maximum of 1 tonne of these materials. Examples are sulfur mustard and nerve agents, and substances which are solely used as precursor chemicals in their manufacture. A few of these chemicals have very small scale non-military applications, for example, milligram quantities of nitrogen mustard are used to treat certain cancers.
Schedule 2 chemicals have legitimate small-scale applications. Manufacture must be declared and there are restrictions on export to countries that are not CWC signatories. An example is thiodiglycol which can be used in the manufacture of mustard agents, but is also used as a solvent in inks.
Schedule 3 chemicals have large-scale uses apart from chemical weapons. Plants which manufacture more than 30 tonnes per year must be declared and can be inspected, and there are restrictions on export to countries which are not CWC signatories. Examples of these substances are phosgene (the most lethal chemical weapon employed in World War I), which has been used as a chemical weapon but which is also a precursor in the manufacture of many legitimate organic compounds (e.g. pharmaceutical agents and many common pesticides), and triethanolamine, used in the manufacture of nitrogen mustard but also commonly used in toiletries and detergents.

Many of the chemicals named in the schedules are simply examples from a wider class, defined with Markush like language. For example, all chemicals in the class "*O-Alkyl (

This can make it more challenging for companies to identify if chemicals they handle are subject to the CWC, especially Schedule 2 and 3 chemicals (such as Alkylphosphorus chemicals). For example, Amgard 1045 is a flame retardant, but falls within Schedule 2B as part of Alkylphosphorus chemical class. This approach is also used in controlled drug legislation in many countries and are often termed "class wide controls" or "generic statements".

Due to the added complexity these statements bring in identifying regulated chemicals, many companies choose to carry out these assessments computationally, examining the chemicals structure using in silico tools which compare them to the legislation statements, either with in house systems maintained a company or by the use commercial compliance software solutions.

A treaty party may declare a "single small-scale facility" that produces up to 1 tonne of Schedule 1 chemicals for research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective purposes each year, and also another facility may produce 10 kg per year for protective testing purposes. An unlimited number of other facilities may produce Schedule 1 chemicals, subject to a total 10 kg annual limit, for research, medical or pharmaceutical purposes, but any facility producing more than 100 grams must be declared.

The treaty also deals with carbon compounds called in the treaty "discrete organic chemicals", the majority of which exhibit moderate-high direct toxicity or can be readily converted into compounds with toxicity sufficient for practical use as a chemical weapon. These are any carbon compounds apart from long chain polymers, oxides, sulfides and metal carbonates, such as organophosphates. The OPCW must be informed of, and can inspect, any plant producing (or expecting to produce) more than 200 tonnes per year, or 30 tonnes if the chemical contains phosphorus, sulfur or fluorine, unless the plant solely produces explosives or hydrocarbons.

Category definitions

Chemical weapons are divided into three categories:

Category 1 - based on Schedule 1 substances
Category 2 - based on non-Schedule 1 substances
Category 3 - devices and equipment designed to use chemical weapons, without the substances themselves

Member states

Main article: List of parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention

Before the CWC came into force in 1997, 165 states signed the convention, allowing them to ratify the agreement after obtaining domestic approval.

Key organizations of member states

Member states are represented at the OPCW by their Permanent Representative. This function is generally combined with the function of Ambassador. For the preparation of OPCW inspections and preparation of declarations, member states have to constitute a National Authority.

World stockpile of chemical weapons

A total of 72,304 metric tonnes of chemical agent, and 97 production facilities have been declared to OPCW.

Treaty deadlines

The treaty set up several steps with deadlines toward complete destruction of chemical weapons, with a procedure for requesting deadline extensions. No country reached total elimination by the original treaty date although several finished under allowed extensions. "Russian President Vladimir Putin has announced that Russia is destroying its last supplies of chemical weapons": SOPHIE WILLAIMS, Russia destroys ALL chemical weapons and calls on AMERICA to do the same, Express, 27-9-2017.

Phase		% Reduction		Deadline		Notes
I
II
III
IV

Progress of destruction

On 7 July 2023, the OPCW announced that all 72,304.34 metric tonnes of declared chemical agent had been verifiably destroyed.

Seven state parties have completed the destruction of their declared stockpiles: Albania, India, Iraq, Libya, Syria, the United States, and an unspecified state party (believed to be South Korea). Russia also completed the destruction of its declared stockpile. According to the US Arms Control Association, the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in 2018 and the poisoning of Alexei Navalny in 2020 indicated that Russia maintained an illicit chemical weapons program.

Japan and China in October 2010 began the destruction of World War II era chemical weapons abandoned by Japan in China by means of mobile destruction units and reported destruction of 35,203 chemical weapons (75% of the Nanjing stockpile).

Country and link to detail article	Date of accession/
entry into force	Declared stockpile
(Schedule 1) (tonnes)	% OPCW-verified destroyed
(date of full destruction)	Destruction
deadline	Albania Albania	South Korea South Korea	India India	Libya Libya	Syria Syria (government held)	Russia Russia	United States United States	Iraq Iraq	Japan Japan (in China)
29 April 1997	url=https://www.opcw.org/news/article/albania-the-first-country-to-destroy-all-its-chemical-weapons/	title=Albania the First Country to Destroy All Its Chemical Weapons	work=OPCW	date=12 July 2007	access-date=15 May 2015}}	100% (July 2007)
29 April 1997	3,000–3,500	title=South Korea Completes Chemical Weapons Disposal	url=http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/south-korea-completes-chemical-weapons-disposal/	first=Chris	last=Schneidmiller	date=17 October 2008	access-date=15 May 2015	work=Nuclear Threat Initiative}}
29 April 1997	1,044	url=http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/india-completes-chemical-weapons-disposal-iraq-declares-stockpile	title=India Completes Chemical Weapons Disposal; Iraq Declares Stockpile	first=Chris	last=Schneidmiller	work=Nuclear Threat Initiative	date=27 April 2009	access-date=15 May 2015}}
5 February 2004	25	title=Libya Completes Destruction of Its Category 1 Chemical Weapons	url=http://www.opcw.org/news/article/libya-completes-destruction-of-its-category-1-chemical-weapons/	work=OPCW	date=4 February 2014}}
14 October 2013	title=OPCW: All Category 1 Chemicals Declared by Syria Now Destroyed	url=http://www.opcw.org/news/article/opcw-all-category-1-chemicals-declared-by-syria-now-destroyed	work=OPCW	date=28 August 2014	access-date=14 May 2015}}	100% (August 2014)
5 December 1997	url=http://www.international.gc.ca/gpp-ppm/chemical_weapons-armes_chimiques.aspx?lang=eng	title=Chemical Weapons Destruction	work=Government of Canada – Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada	date=16 October 2012	access-date=15 May 2015	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092056/http://www.international.gc.ca/gpp-ppm/chemical_weapons-armes_chimiques.aspx?lang=eng	archive-date=18 May 2015	url-status=dead}}	100% (September 2017)
29 April 1997	title=U.S. to begin destroying its stockpile of chemical weapons in Pueblo, Colorado	url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/17/us/chemical-weapons-pueblo-debot/	first=Evelio	last=Contreras	work=CNN	date=17 March 2015	access-date=15 May 2015}}	title=OPCW confirms: All declared chemical weapons stockpiles verified as irreversibly destroyed	url=https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/news/2023/07/opcw-confirms-all-declared-chemical-weapons-stockpiles-verified	publisher=OPCW	date=7 July 2023	access-date=11 July 2023}}
12 February 2009	remnant munitions	url=https://www.opcw.org/news/article/opcw-director-general-congratulates-iraq-on-complete-destruction-of-chemical-weapons-remnants/	title = OPCW Director-General Congratulates Iraq on Complete Destruction of Chemical Weapons Remnants}}
29 April 1997	-	66.97% (as of September 2022)	2027

Iraqi stockpile

The U.N. Security Council ordered the dismantling of Iraq's chemical weapon stockpile in 1991. By 1998, UNSCOM inspectors had accounted for the destruction of 88,000 filled and unfilled chemical munitions, over 690 metric tons of weaponized and bulk chemical agents, approximately 4,000 tonnes of precursor chemicals, and 980 pieces of key production equipment. The UNSCOM inspectors left in 1998.

In 2009, before Iraq joined the CWC, the OPCW reported that the United States military had destroyed almost 5,000 old chemical weapons in open-air detonations since 2004. These weapons, produced before the 1991 Gulf War, contained sarin and mustard agents but were so badly corroded that they could not have been used as originally intended.

When Iraq joined the CWC in 2009, it declared "two bunkers with filled and unfilled chemical weapons munitions, some precursors, as well as five former chemical weapons production facilities" according to OPCW Director General Rogelio Pfirter. The bunker entrances were sealed with 1.5 meters of reinforced concrete in 1994 under UNSCOM supervision. In 2014, ISIS took control of the site.

On 13 March 2018, the Director-General of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Ambassador Ahmet Üzümcü, congratulated the Government of Iraq on the completion of the destruction of the country's chemical weapons remnants.

Syrian destruction

Main article: Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons

Following the August 2013 Ghouta chemical attack, Syria, which had long been suspected of possessing chemical weapons, acknowledged them in September 2013 and agreed to put them under international supervision. On 14 September Syria deposited its instrument of accession to the CWC with the United Nations as the depositary and agreed to its provisional application pending entry into force effective 14 October. An accelerated destruction schedule was devised by Russia and the United States on 14 September, and was endorsed by United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118 and the OPCW Executive Council Decision EC-M-33/DEC.1. Their deadline for destruction was the first half of 2014. Syria gave the OPCW an inventory of its chemical weapons arsenal and began its destruction in October 2013, 2 weeks before its formal entry into force, while applying the convention provisionally. All declared Category 1 materials were destroyed by August 2014.

Controversy arose in November 2019 over the OPCW's finding on the Douma chemical weapons attack when Wikileaks published emails by an OPCW staff member saying a report on this incident "misrepresents the facts" and contains "unintended bias". The OPCW staff member questioned the report's finding that OPCW's inspectors had "sufficient evidence at this time to determine that chlorine, or another reactive chlorine-containing chemical, was likely released from cylinders". The staff member alleged this finding was "highly misleading and not supported by the facts" and said he would attach his own differing observations if this version of the report was released. On 25 November 2019, OPCW Director General Fernando Arias, in a speech to the OPCW's annual conference in The Hague, defended the Organization's report on the Douma incident, stating "While some of these diverse views continue to circulate in some public discussion forums, I would like to reiterate that I stand by the independent, professional conclusion" of the probe.

Financial support for destruction

Financial support for the Albanian and Libyan stockpile destruction programmes was provided by the United States. Russia received support from a number of countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and Canada; with some $2 billion given by 2004. Costs for Albania's program were approximately US$48 million. As of 2007, the United States had spent $20 billion and expected to spend a further $40 billion.

Known chemical weapons production facilities

Fourteen states parties declared chemical weapons production facilities (CWPFs):

:{|width=100% style="background:transparent" |- valign=top

Bosnia and Herzegovina
China
France
India
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Libya
Russia
Serbia
Syria
United Kingdom
United States |}
1 non-disclosed state party (referred to as "A State Party" in OPCW-communications; said to be South Korea)

By 31 December 2023, all 97 declared production facilities had been deactivated and certified as either destroyed (74) or converted (23) to civilian use.

References

Chemical Weapons Convention, [http://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/articles/article-xxi-entry-into-force Article 21].
Chemical Weapons Convention, [http://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/articles/article-xxiii-depositary Article 23].
Chemical Weapons Convention, [http://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/articles/article-xxiv-authentic-texts Article 24].
(2018-01-03). "Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction". United Nations Treaty Collection.
"Angola Joins the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons". OPCW.
(27 September 2013). "Resolution 2118 (2013)". [[United Nations]].
(12 January 2017). "U.S. sanctions Syrian officials for chemical weapons attacks". [[Reuters]].
(24 August 2016). "Third report of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons United Nations Joint Investigative Mechanism".
"'White phosphorus not used as chemical weapon in Syria'".
"Text of the 1925 Geneva Protocol".
Feakes, Daniel. (2017). "The Biological Weapons Convention". Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics).
[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hsp/chemical.html The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention], THE HARVARD SUSSEX PROGRAM ON CBW ARMAMENT AND ARMS LIMITATION
NATO. "The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), opens for signature".
Herby, Peter. (1997-04-30). "Chemical Weapons Convention enters into force - ICRC".
[http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/intersection-science-and-chemical-disarmament The Intersection of Science and Chemical Disarmament], Beatrice Maneshi and Jonathan E. Forman, Science & Diplomacy, 21 September 2015.
(11 October 2013). "Syria chemical weapons monitors win Nobel Peace Prize". BBC News.
(11 October 2013). "Official press release from Nobel prize Committee". Nobel Prize Organization.
"Annex on Chemicals".
"CWC Article II. Definitions and Criteria". [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]].
"CDC Facts about Phosgene".
"Most Traded Scheduled Chemicals 2022".
"Regulated Chemicals | Controlled Substance Lists | Scitegrity".
(7 December 2014). "Monitoring Chemicals with Possible Chemical Weapons Applications". Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
Jean Pascal Zanders, John Hart, Richard Guthrie. (October 2003). "Non-Compliance with the Chemical Weapons Convention - Lessons from and for Iraq". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
"Chemical Weapons Convention".
"The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) at a Glance | Arms Control Association".
(27 August 2002). "Taiwan fully supports Chemical Weapons Convention". BBC.
(June 2012). "China Chemical Chronology". [[Nuclear Threat Initiative]].
(2023-09-06). "Taiwan Overview". [[Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey#James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies.
"Chemical Weapons Convention".
"OPCW by the Numbers".
"Syria, Russia, and the Global Chemical Weapons Crisis". Arms Control Association.
(28 November 2011). "Opening Statement by the Director-General to the Conference of the States Parties at its Sixteenth Session". [[OPCW]].
[https://www.opcw.org/fileadmin/OPCW/EC/61/en/ec61dec01e.pdf Executive Council 61, Decision 1]. OPCW. 2010
(12 July 2007). "Albania the First Country to Destroy All Its Chemical Weapons". OPCW.
Schneidmiller, Chris. (17 October 2008). "South Korea Completes Chemical Weapons Disposal". Nuclear Threat Initiative.
(February 2015). "India Country Profile – Chemical". Nuclear Threat Initiative.
Schneidmiller, Chris. (27 April 2009). "India Completes Chemical Weapons Disposal; Iraq Declares Stockpile". Nuclear Threat Initiative.
(4 February 2014). "Libya Completes Destruction of Its Category 1 Chemical Weapons". OPCW.
Syria applied the convention provisionally from 14 September 2013
(28 August 2014). "OPCW: All Category 1 Chemicals Declared by Syria Now Destroyed". OPCW.
(16 October 2012). "Chemical Weapons Destruction". Government of Canada – Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada.
(2017-09-27). "OPCW Director-General Commends Major Milestone as Russia Completes Destruction of Chemical Weapons Stockpile under OPCW Verification". OPCW.
Contreras, Evelio. (17 March 2015). "U.S. to begin destroying its stockpile of chemical weapons in Pueblo, Colorado". CNN.
(7 July 2023). "OPCW confirms: All declared chemical weapons stockpiles verified as irreversibly destroyed". OPCW.
"OPCW Director-General Congratulates Iraq on Complete Destruction of Chemical Weapons Remnants".
"OPCW Executive Council and Director-General Review Progress on Destruction of Abandoned Chemical Weapons in China". OPCW.
(2023-03-24). "Position Paper on the Chemical Weapons Abandoned by Japan in China". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.
(April 2015). "Iraq Country Profile – Chemical". Nuclear Threat Initiative.
Chivers, C.J.. (22 November 2014). "Thousands of Iraq Chemical Weapons Destroyed in Open Air, Watchdog Says". The New York Times.
Shrader, Katherine. (22 June 2006). "New Intel Report Reignites Iraq Arms Fight". The Washington Post.
(1 May 2012). "Progress report on the preparation of the destruction plan for the al Muthanna bunkers". OPCW.
Tucker, Jonathan B.. (17 March 2010). "Iraq Faces Major Challenges in Destroying Its Legacy Chemical Weapons". James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies.
(9 July 2014). "Isis seizes former chemical weapons plant in Iraq". The Guardian.
(9 September 2013). "Russia calls on Syria to hand over chemical weapons". The Guardian.
Barnard, Anne. (10 September 2013). "In Shift, Syrian Official Admits Government Has Chemical Arms". The New York Times.
"Depositary Norification". United Nations.
(12 September 2013). "Secretary-General Receives Letter from Syrian Government Informing Him President Has Signed Legislative Decree for Accession to Chemical Weapons Convention". United Nations.
Gordon, Michael R.. (14 September 2013). "U.S. and Russia Reach Deal to Destroy Syria's Chemical Arms". The New York Times.
Michael Corder. (27 September 2013). "Syrian Chemical Arms Inspections Could Begin Soon". [[Associated Press]].
(27 September 2013). "Decision: Destruction of Syrian Chemical Weapons". OPCW.
(2013-10-06). "Syria chemical arms removal begins". BBC News.
(7 October 2013). "Kerry 'very pleased' at Syria compliance over chemical weapons". NBC News.
Mariam Karouny. (6 October 2013). "Destruction of Syrian chemical weapons begins: mission". Reuters.
Nicole Gaouette. (9 April 2018). "Haley says Russia's hands are 'covered in the blood of Syrian children'".
(8 April 2018). "Suspected Syria chemical attack kills 70". BBC News.
(1 March 2019). "OPCW confirms chemical weapons use in Douma, Syria". DW.
Greg Norman. (2019). "Syria watchdog accused of making misleading edits in report on chemical weapons attack". Foxnews.com.
CBS/AFP. (2019). "Chemical weapons watchdog OPCW defends Syria report as whistleblower claims bias". cbsnews.com.
(7 August 2007). "Russia, U.S. face challenge on chemical weapons". [[Reuters]].
(27 November 2017). "OPCW chief announces destruction of over 96% of chemical weapons in the world". [[Tass]].
(November 2017). "Eliminating Chemical Weapons and Chemical Weapons Production Facilities". [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]].
(May–June 2004). "Confidentiality and verification: the IAEA and OPCW". [[VERTIC]].
(28 November 2024). "Report of the OPCW on the implementation of the convention on the prohibition of the development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and on their destruction in 2023". [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.

Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

arms-control-treaties chemical-warfare human-rights-instruments chemical-weapons-demilitarization non-proliferation-treaties treaties-concluded-in-1993 treaties-entered-into-force-in-1997 treaties-of-the-afghan-transitional-administration treaties-of-albania treaties-of-algeria treaties-of-andorra treaties-of-angola treaties-of-antigua-and-barbuda treaties-of-argentina treaties-of-armenia treaties-of-australia treaties-of-austria treaties-of-azerbaijan treaties-of-the-bahamas treaties-of-bahrain treaties-of-bangladesh treaties-of-barbados treaties-of-belarus treaties-of-belgium treaties-of-belize treaties-of-benin treaties-of-bhutan treaties-of-bolivia treaties-of-bosnia-and-herzegovina treaties-of-botswana treaties-of-brazil treaties-of-brunei treaties-of-bulgaria treaties-of-burkina-faso treaties-of-myanmar treaties-of-burundi treaties-of-cambodia treaties-of-cameroon treaties-of-canada treaties-of-cape-verde treaties-of-the-central-african-republic treaties-of-chad treaties-of-chile treaties-of-the-people's-republic-of-china treaties-of-colombia treaties-of-the-comoros treaties-of-the-republic-of-the-congo treaties-of-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo treaties-of-the-cook-islands treaties-of-costa-rica treaties-of-ivory-coast treaties-of-croatia treaties-of-cuba treaties-of-cyprus treaties-of-the-czech-republic treaties-of-denmark treaties-of-the-dominican-republic treaties-of-djibouti treaties-of-dominica treaties-of-ecuador treaties-of-el-salvador treaties-of-equatorial-guinea treaties-of-eritrea treaties-of-estonia treaties-of-ethiopia treaties-of-the-federated-states-of-micronesia treaties-of-fiji treaties-of-finland treaties-of-france treaties-of-gabon treaties-of-the-gambia treaties-of-georgia-(country) treaties-of-germany treaties-of-ghana treaties-of-greece treaties-of-grenada treaties-of-guatemala treaties-of-guinea treaties-of-guinea-bissau treaties-of-guyana treaties-of-haiti treaties-of-the-holy-see treaties-of-honduras treaties-of-hungary treaties-of-iceland treaties-of-india treaties-of-indonesia treaties-of-iran treaties-of-iraq treaties-of-ireland treaties-of-italy treaties-of-jamaica treaties-of-jordan treaties-of-japan treaties-of-kazakhstan treaties-of-kenya treaties-of-kiribati treaties-of-kuwait treaties-of-kyrgyzstan treaties-of-laos treaties-of-latvia treaties-of-lebanon treaties-of-lesotho treaties-of-liberia treaties-of-the-libyan-arab-jamahiriya treaties-of-liechtenstein treaties-of-lithuania treaties-of-luxembourg treaties-of-north-macedonia treaties-of-madagascar treaties-of-malawi treaties-of-malaysia treaties-of-the-maldives treaties-of-mali treaties-of-malta treaties-of-the-marshall-islands treaties-of-mauritania treaties-of-mauritius treaties-of-mexico treaties-of-moldova treaties-of-monaco treaties-of-mongolia treaties-of-montenegro treaties-of-morocco treaties-of-mozambique treaties-of-namibia treaties-of-nauru treaties-of-nepal treaties-of-the-netherlands treaties-of-new-zealand treaties-of-nicaragua treaties-of-niger treaties-of-nigeria treaties-of-niue treaties-of-norway treaties-of-oman treaties-of-pakistan treaties-of-palau treaties-of-panama treaties-of-papua-new-guinea treaties-of-paraguay treaties-of-peru treaties-of-the-philippines treaties-of-poland treaties-of-portugal treaties-of-qatar treaties-of-romania treaties-of-russia treaties-of-rwanda treaties-of-saint-kitts-and-nevis treaties-of-saint-lucia treaties-of-saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines treaties-of-samoa treaties-of-san-marino treaties-of-são-tomé-and-príncipe treaties-of-saudi-arabia treaties-of-senegal treaties-of-serbia-and-montenegro treaties-of-seychelles treaties-of-sierra-leone treaties-of-singapore treaties-of-slovakia treaties-of-slovenia treaties-of-the-solomon-islands treaties-of-somalia treaties-of-south-africa treaties-of-south-korea treaties-of-spain treaties-of-sri-lanka treaties-of-the-republic-of-the-sudan-(1985–2011) treaties-of-suriname treaties-of-eswatini treaties-of-sweden treaties-of-switzerland treaties-of-syria treaties-of-tajikistan treaties-of-tanzania treaties-of-thailand treaties-of-timor-leste treaties-of-togo treaties-of-tonga treaties-of-trinidad-and-tobago treaties-of-tunisia treaties-of-turkey treaties-of-turkmenistan treaties-of-tuvalu treaties-of-uganda treaties-of-ukraine treaties-of-the-united-arab-emirates treaties-of-the-united-kingdom treaties-of-the-united-states treaties-of-uruguay treaties-of-uzbekistan treaties-of-vanuatu treaties-of-venezuela treaties-of-vietnam treaties-of-yemen treaties-of-zambia treaties-of-zimbabwe treaties-establishing-intergovernmental-organizations treaties-extended-to-aruba treaties-extended-to-the-netherlands-antilles treaties-extended-to-guernsey treaties-extended-to-jersey treaties-extended-to-the-isle-of-man treaties-extended-to-anguilla treaties-extended-to-bermuda treaties-extended-to-the-british-antarctic-territory treaties-extended-to-the-british-indian-ocean-territory treaties-extended-to-the-british-virgin-islands treaties-extended-to-the-cayman-islands treaties-extended-to-the-falkland-islands treaties-extended-to-gibraltar treaties-extended-to-montserrat treaties-extended-to-the-pitcairn-islands treaties-extended-to-saint-helena,-ascension-and-tristan-da-cunha treaties-extended-to-south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands treaties-extended-to-akrotiri-and-dhekelia treaties-extended-to-the-turks-and-caicos-islands treaties-extended-to-greenland treaties-extended-to-the-faroe-islands

Want to explore this topic further?

Ask Mako anything about Chemical Weapons Convention — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.

Research with Mako

Free with your Surf account

Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.

Report