Cerulean

Pigment characteristics

The primary chemical constituent of the pigment is cobalt(II) stannate (). The pigment is a greenish-blue color. In watercolor, it has a slight chalkiness. When used in oil paint, it loses this quality.

Today, cobalt chromate is sometimes marketed under the cerulean blue name but is darker and greener than the cobalt stannate version. The chromate makes excellent turquoise colors and is identified by Rex Art and some other manufacturers as "cobalt turquoise".

Cerulean is inert with good light resistance, and it exhibits a high degree of stability in both watercolor and acrylic paint.

File:PB35 Bleu Céruléum.JPG|Cerulean blue PB35 File:Cerulean blue hue.png|A sample swatch of cerulean blue hue oil paint. "Hue" in this instance means that other pigments have been used to mimic the color of oil paint that contains the original pigment. File:Ceruleum.png|Cerulean blue pigment in oil. On the left as a standoil glaze over zinc white; on the right as a mass tone in oil-based paint.

History

Cobalt stannate pigment was first synthesized in 1789 by the Swiss chemist Albrecht Höpfner by heating roasted cobalt and tin oxides together. Subsequently, there was limited German production under the name of Cölinblau. It was generally known as Höpfner blue from the late eighteenth century until the middle of the nineteenth century.

In the late 1850s, art suppliers begin referring to the pigment as "ceruleum" blue. The London Times of 28 December 1859 had an advertisement for "Caeruleum, a new permanent color prepared for the use of artists." Ure's Dictionary of Arts from 1875 describes the pigment as "Caeruleum ... consisting of stannate of protoxide of cobalt, mixed with stannic acid and sulphate of lime." Cerulean was also referred to as coeurleum, cerulium, bleu céleste (celestial blue). Other nineteenth century English pigment names included "ceruleum blue" and "corruleum blue". By 1935, Max Doerner referred to the pigment as cerulean, as do most modern sources, though ceruleum is still used.

Some sources claim that cerulean blue was first marketed in the United Kingdom by colourman George Rowney, as "coeruleum" in the early 1860s. However, the British firm of Roberson was buying "Blue No. 58 (Cerulium)" from a German firm of Frauenknecht and Stotz prior to Rowney. Cerulean blue was only available as a watercolor in the 1860s and was not widely adopted until the 1870s when it was used in oil paint. It was popular with artists including Claude Monet, Paul Signac, and Picasso. Van Gogh created his own approximation of cerulean blue using a mixture of cobalt blue, cadmium yellow, and white.

Notable occurrences

In 1877, Monet had added the pigment to his palette, using it in a painting from his series La Gare Saint-Lazare (now in the National Gallery, London). The blues in the painting include cobalt and cerulean blue, with some areas of ultramarine. Laboratory analysis conducted by the National Gallery identified a relatively pure example of cerulean blue pigment in the shadows of the station's canopy. Researchers at the National Gallery suggested that "cerulean probably offered a pigment of sufficiently greenish tone to displace Prussian blue, which may not have been popular by this time".

Berthe Morisot painted the blue coat of the woman in her Summer's Day, 1879 in cerulean blue in conjunction with artificial ultramarine and cobalt blue.

When the United Nations was formed at the end of World War II, they adopted cerulean blue for their emblem. The designer Oliver Lundquist stated that he chose the color because it was "the opposite of red, the color of war".

In the Catholic Church, cerulean vestments are permitted on certain Marian feast days, primarily the Immaculate Conception in diocese currently or formerly under the Spanish Crown.

File:Cerulean warbler catoctin mountain park 5.29.23 DSC 1869-topaz-denoiseraw.jpg|Cerulean warbler (Setophaga cerulea), named from its color File:The Saint-Lazare Railway Station 1522133478-43f10.jpg|Claude Monet, La Gare Saint-Lazare, 1887 File:Berthe Morisot - Jour d'été, 1879.jpg|Berthe Morisot, Summer's Day, 1879 File:Flag-United-Nations-Logo.jpg|Symbol of the United Nations

Other color variations

Pale cerulean

Pantone, in a press release, declared the pale hue of cerulean at right, which they call cerulean, as the "color of the millennium".

The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #15-4020 TPX—Cerulean.

Cerulean (Crayola)

This bright tone of cerulean is the color called cerulean by Crayola crayons.

Cerulean frost

At right is displayed the color cerulean frost.

Cerulean frost is one of the colors in the special set of metallic colored Crayola crayons called Silver Swirls, the colors of which were formulated by Crayola in 1990.

Curious Blue

Curious Blue is one of the brighter-toned colors of cerulean.

In nature

• Cerulean cuckooshrike
• Cerulean kingfisher
• Cerulean flycatcher
• Cerulean warbler
• Cerulean-capped manakin

Explanatory notes

References

References

1. (1930). "A Dictionary of Color". McGraw-Hill Book Company.
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3. Eastlaugh, Nicholas. (2004). "The pigment compendium: a dictionary of historical pigments". Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
4. (1930). "A Dictionary of Color". McGraw-Hill Book Company.
5. "Cerulean blue - Overview".
6. "Cerulean blue - History".
7. "cerulean blue". Museum of Fine Arts.
8. St. Clair, Kassia. (2017). "The Secret Lives of Color". Penguin Publishing Group.
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11. Patterson, Steven. 2020. "The history of blue pigments in the Fine Arts — painting, from the perspective of a paint maker". ''Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales'' 153:164-179. https://royalsoc.org.au/images/pdf/journal/153-2-04Patterson.pdf . 172.
12. Siddal, Ruth. (2004). "The pigment compendium: a dictionary of historical pigments". Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
13. Höpfner, Albrecht. (1789). "Einige kleine Chymische Versuche vom Herausgeber". Magazin für die Naturkunde Helvetiens.
14. Roy, Ashok. "The Palettes of Three Impressionist Paintings". ''National Gallery Technical Bulletin'' 9 (1985): 13. {{JSTOR. 42616026.
15. (1990). "Impressionism". National Gallery Publications.
16. Shawn Tribe. "The Spanish Privilege: Cerulean Blue and the Immaculate Conception".
17. [http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx Pantone TPX]
18. Type the word "Cerulean" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.
19. PANTONE. "About Us - Color the Millennium Cerulean Blue".
20. "- Find a Pantone Color - Quick Online Color Tool".
21. Cobb, Bettie M.. "#269dce - Curious Blue - RGB 38, 157, 206 Color Information".