Central and Eastern Europe

Definitions

The term CEE includes the Eastern Bloc (Warsaw Pact) countries west of the post-World War II border with the former Soviet Union; the independent states in former Yugoslavia (which were not considered part of the Eastern bloc); and the three Baltic states – Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (which chose not to join the CIS with the other 12 former republics of the USSR). The CEE countries are further subdivided by their accession status to the European Union (EU): the eight first-wave accession countries that joined the EU on 1 May 2004 (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, and Slovenia), the two second-wave accession countries that joined on 1 January 2007 (Romania and Bulgaria) and the third-wave accession country that joined on 1 July 2013 (Croatia). According to the World Bank 2008 analysis, the transition to advanced market economies is over for all 10 countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007.

The CEE countries include the former socialist states, which extend east of Austria, Germany (western part), and Italy; north of Greece and Turkey (European part); south of Finland and Sweden; and west of Belarus, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine:

According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) is an OECD term for the group of countries comprising Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and the three Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania."

The term Central and Eastern Europe (abbreviated CEE) has displaced the alternative term East-Central Europe in the context of transition countries, mainly because the abbreviation ECE is ambiguous: it commonly stands for Economic Commission for Europe, rather than East-Central Europe.

References

References

1. J. Kim, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary: Recent Developments, CRS 1996, Federation of American Scientists [https://fas.org/man/crs/92-051.htm on-line version] {{Webarchive. link. (2015-06-14)
2. J.Winiecki, East-Central Europe: A Regional Survey. The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia in 1993, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 46, No. 5 (1994), pp. 709–734
3. Inotai, András. (Autumn 2009). "BUDAPEST—Ghost of Second-Class Status Haunts Central and Eastern Europe". Europe's World.
4. Z. Lerman, C. Csaki, and G. Feder, ''Agriculture in Transition: Land Policies and Evolving Farm Structures in Post-Soviet Countries'', Lexington Books, Lanham, MD (2004), see, e.g., Table 1.1, p. 4.
5. J. Swinnen, ed., ''Political Economy of Agrarian Reform in Central and Eastern Europe'', Ashgate, Aldershot (1997).
6. Mälksoo, Maria. (2019-05-04). "The normative threat of subtle subversion: the return of 'Eastern Europe' as an ontological insecurity trope". Cambridge Review of International Affairs.
7. Twardzisz, Piotr. (2018-04-25). "Defining 'Eastern Europe': A Semantic Inquiry into Political Terminology". Springer.
8. Hall, Derek. (July 1999). "Destination branding, niche marketing and national image projection in Central and Eastern Europe". Journal of Vacation Marketing.
9. Zarycki, Tomasz. (2014). "Ideologies of Eastness in Central and Eastern Europe".
10. "Eastern promise and Western pretension – 09/07/2018".
11. (2008). "Unleashing Prosperity: Productivity Growth in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union". World Bank.
12. (9 August 2011). "CEE countries".
13. {{Abkhazia note
14. {{South Ossetia-note
15. {{Transnistria note
16. (November 2, 2001). "Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) Definition". OECD Statistics.
17. "UNECE Homepage".