Centenarian

Worldwide incidence by country

The total number of centenarians in the world is uncertain. The Population Division of the United Nations estimated that there were 23,000 in 1950, 110,000 in 1990, 150,000 in 1995, 209,000 in 2000, 324,000 in 2005, 455,000 in 2009, 675,000 in 2019 and 935,000 in 2024.

These older estimates, however, did not take into account downward adjustments of national estimates made by several countries such as the United States. The UN estimated in 2012, as a result of these adjustments, that there were only 316,600 centenarians worldwide. The following table gives estimated centenarian populations by country, including both the latest and the earliest known estimates, where available.

A study which received a 2024 Ig Nobel Prize found these numbers are inflated by welfare and pension fraud and poor record-keeping, neither of which are uniform across jurisdictions.

Supercentenarians

Main article: Supercentenarian

A supercentenarian, sometimes hyphenated as super-centenarian, is a person who has reached the age of 110 years. This age milestone is only achieved by about one in a thousand centenarians.

Even rarer is a person who has lived to 115. There are 81 people in recorded history who have indisputably reached 115. Only three of the people who have reached 115 are men. Ethel Caterham, Marie-Rose Tessier, Naomi Whitehead, Lucia Laura Sangenito, and Yolanda Beltrão de Azevedo are the only people currently alive who have verifiably reached the 115 year milestone.

Jeanne Calment from France is the only age-verified person in human history to have reached the age of 120 years.

Recognition and congratulations

History, blessings and traditions

An aspect of blessing in many cultures is to offer a wish that the recipient lives to 100 years old. Among Hindus in India, where touching feet of elders and respected is a tradition, people who touch the feet of elders are often blessed with "May you live a hundred years". In Sweden, the traditional birthday song states, May he/she live for one hundred years. In Judaism, May you live to be 120 years old is a common blessing. In Poland, Sto lat, a wish to live a hundred years, is a traditional form of praise and good wishes, and the song "sto lat, sto lat" is sung on the occasion of the birthday celebrations—arguably, it is the most popular song in Poland and among Poles around the globe.

According to legends, Sages from ancient India lived and meditated for tens of thousands of years while Great Kings ruled their kingdoms for thousands of years.

Chinese emperors were hailed to live ten thousand years, while empresses were hailed to live a thousand years.

In Italy, "A hundred of these days!" (cento di questi giorni) is an augury for birthdays, to live to celebrate 100 more birthdays. Some Italians say "A cent'anni!", which means "To a hundred years", in that they wish that they could all live happily for a hundred years. In Greece, wishing someone Happy Birthday ends with the expression να τα εκατοστήσεις (el), which can be loosely translated as "may you make it one hundred birthdays". In Sri Lanka, it is a custom to bless as "you may live 220 instead of 120".

In many countries, people receive a gift or congratulations from federal/state institutions on their 100th birthday.

United States

As of 2019, there were an estimated 72,000 centenarians living in the U.S.; the 2020 census officially counted 80,139, and the 2010 census had 53,364. However, the U.S. Census Bureau claimed in 1999 that as many as a third of people stating their age as over 100 might be exaggerating.

In the United States, centenarians may request a letter of congratulation from the president of the United States to mark their longevity.

Strom Thurmond became the first Senator to reach 100 on December 5, 2002.

Jimmy Carter became the first president to reach the age of 100 on 1 October 2024.

Today also presents a segment honoring centenarians and older, sponsored by Smuckers. The tradition was created in 1983 by weather presenter Willard Scott, and is now presented by his successor Al Roker.

In the state of New Mexico, centenarians have been exempt from state income tax since tax year 2002, if they are not dependents of another taxpayer.

Asia

Japanese centenarians receive a silver cup and a certificate from the prime minister of Japan upon the Respect for the Aged Day following their 100th birthday, honouring them for their longevity and prosperity in their lives.

In Madhya Pradesh, India, the award known as Shatayu Samman is given out to people who live at least 100 years to promote awareness of good health.

North Korean centenarians receive a birthday congratulatory letter from the Supreme Leader of the DPRK. On 6 July 2022, Pak Hak Sil, a centenarian living in Koup-ri of Kangnam County, Pyongyang, received a birthday letter sent by Kim Jong Un.

In the Philippines, Republic Act No. 10868 better known as the Centenarians Act of 2016 mandates that all living Filipinos residing in the Philippines or overseas receive a birthday congratulatory letter from the President of the Philippines and a ₱100,000 "Centenarian Gift" from the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD).

In Taiwan, people aged 100 or above receive a golden pendant necklace on Chong Yang Festival each year from the president and Ministry of Health and Welfare.

Mahathir Mohamad became the first prime minister of Malaysia to reach the age of 100 on 10 July 2025.

Europe

German centenarians receive a letter of congratulations from the president of Germany.

In Ireland, centenarians can receive a €2,540 "Centenarians' Bounty" and a letter from the president of Ireland, even if they are resident abroad. Irish people celebrating their 101st birthday may also receive a special silver minted coin with a quote by a famous Irish writer or poet.

Centenarians born in Italy receive a letter of congratulations from the president of Italy.

In the Netherlands, the monarch and their commissioner sends a letter on the 100th birthday and on every birthday beginning with the 105th.

Swedish centenarians receive a telegram from the king and queen of Sweden.

British and Commonwealth realms

In Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, centenarians can receive congratulatory cards from the monarch, currently , on their 100th birthday. In the UK, greeting cards are also sent by the monarch on every birthday beginning with the 105th.

In Commonwealth realms in which the monarch does not ordinarily reside, honorees can also receive congratulations from the governor-general. In Canada, application must be made through the GGS official website. Similarly, in New Zealand, honorees must apply for greetings through the official government website.

British traditions

The traditions of British centenarians receiving greetings and congratulations was established by King Edward VII in 1908.

The famous acrobat and tightrope walker Henry Johnson received a congratulatory letter from Edward VII via his royal courtier Viscount Knollys in 1906. The tradition of royal congratulations continued in 1908, when the secretary for King Edward VII sent a congratulatory letter to Reverend Thomas Lord of Horncastle, Lincolnshire, in a newspaper clipping, declaring, "I am commanded by the King to congratulate you on the attainment of your hundredth year, after a most useful life".

The practice was formalised from 1917, under the reign of King George V, who also sent congratulations then sent by a telegram on the attainment of a diamond wedding anniversary (or jubilee) marking 60 years of marriage.

During the reign of King George V, only 24 telegrams were sent; however, with the aging population, this increased to 273 during 1952, when Queen Elizabeth II ascended the throne. The Queen also sent a telegram, and later a portrait-style greeting card with the notation, "I am so pleased to know that you are celebrating your one hundredth birthday. I send my congratulations and best wishes to you on such a special occasion." Each few years the card was updated with a current updated picture of the Queen to ensure people did not receive the same card more than once. The Queen further sent her congratulations on one's 105th birthday and every year thereafter as well as on special wedding anniversaries.

Centenarians in antiquity

While the number of centenarians per capita was much lower in ancient times than today, the data suggest that they were not unheard of.

Estimates of life expectancy in antiquity are far lower than modern values largely due to the far greater incidence of deaths in infancy or childhood, though adult mortality was also considerably greater than today. The assumption of what constitutes "old age", or being "elderly", at least, seems to have remained unchanged since antiquity, the line being generally drawn at either sixty or sixty-five years; Psalm 90:10 in the Hebrew Bible appears to give seventy to eighty years as the natural life expectancy of a person surviving into old age, "The years of our life are seventy, or even by reason of strength eighty".

A survey of the lifespans of male individuals with entries in the Oxford Classical Dictionary (i.e., a sample pre-selected to include those who lived long enough to attain historical notability) found a median lifespan of 72 years, and a range of 32 to 107 years, for 128 individuals born before 100 BC (though the same study found a median lifespan of 66 years for 100 individuals born after 100 BC but no later than 602 AD); by comparison, male individuals listed in Chambers Biographical Dictionary who died between 1900 and 1949 had a median lifespan of 71.5 years, with a range between 29 and 105 years. But as indicated above, far fewer in antiquity survived even from early adulthood to such advanced age – probably under a fifth, compared to a global average of two-thirds today.

The author of a 1994 study concluded that it was only in the second half of the 20th century that medical advances have extended the life expectancy of those who live into adulthood. though this is flatly contradicted by 19th- and early 20th-century census and registration data and by estimates for medieval and ancient populations: US and English expectation of remaining years at age 15 for example rose from about 44 in the mid-19th century to 56 by 1950, and has since increased to 65–67; for English landholders (a relatively privileged group) it was 33 years c.1300, while Ulpian's life table for ancient Rome indicates only 30 years.

Reliable references to individuals in antiquity who lived past 100 years are quite rare, but they do exist. For instance, Cicero's wife Terentia was reported by Pliny the Elder to have lived from 98 BC to 6 AD, 103 years. Regnal dates of Bronze Age monarchs are notoriously unreliable; the sixth dynasty Egyptian ruler Pepi II is sometimes listed as having lived , as he is said to have reigned for 94 years, but alternative readings cite a reign of just 64 years. Adad-guppi, mother of the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabonidus apparently lived from -544 BC (c. 104 years) according to inscriptions on funeral steles. Zhao Tuo, a Qin Dynasty general, reportedly lived to age 103. Tuoba Liwei also reportedly lived to 103. Marcus Valerius Corvus reportedly lived to 100.

Diogenes Laërtius () gives one of the earliest references regarding the plausible centenarian longevity given by a scientist, the astronomer Hipparchus of Nicaea (), who, according to the doxographer, said that the philosopher Democritus of Abdera () lived 109 years. Other ancient accounts of Democritus agree that the philosopher lived at least 90 years. The case of Democritus differs from those of, for example, Epimenides of Crete (7th and 6th centuries BC), who is said to have lived an implausible 154, 157, or 290 years, depending on the source.

Other ancient Greek philosophers thought to have lived beyond the age of 90 include Xenophanes of Colophon (), Pyrrho of Ellis (), Gorgias of Leontinoi, and Eratosthenes of Cirene (). Also, the Greek rhetorician Isocrates of Athens (436–338 BC) lived 97/98 years and the famous Greek tragedian Sophocles (497/496-406/405 BC) lived at least 90 years.

Hosius of Córdoba, the man who convinced Constantine the Great to call the First Council of Nicaea, reportedly lived to age 102.

A rare record of an ordinary person who lived to be a centenarian is the tombstone of Roman British legionary veteran Julius Valens, inscribed "VIXIT ANNIS C".

It is believed the 7th century Pope Agatho lived to 103-104, making him the longest lived pope to this day as well as the only pope to become a centenarian.

In the medieval period, Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan (d. 1097) is said by Bernold of Constance to have lived past 100 years (iam maior centenario).

Research

Main article: Research into centenarians

Research in Italy suggests that healthy centenarians have high levels of both vitamin A and vitamin E and that this seems to be important in causing their extreme longevity. Other research contradicts this, however, and has found that this theory does not apply to centenarians from Sardinia, for whom other factors probably play a more important role. A preliminary study carried out in Poland showed that, in comparison with young healthy female adults, centenarians living in Upper Silesia had significantly higher red blood cell glutathione reductase and catalase activities, although serum levels of vitamin E were not significantly higher. Researchers in Denmark have also found that centenarians exhibit a high activity of glutathione reductase in red blood cells. In this study, the centenarians having the best cognitive and physical functional capacity tended to have the highest activity of this enzyme.

Other research has found that people whose parents became centenarians have an increased number of naïve B cells. It is well known that the children of parents who have a long life are also likely to reach a healthy age, but it is not known why, although the inherited genes are probably important. A variation in the gene FOXO3A is known to have a positive effect on the life expectancy of humans, and is found much more often in people living to 100 and beyond – moreover, this appears to be true worldwide.

Men and women who are 100 or older tend to have extroverted personalities, according to Thomas T. Perls, the director of the New England Centenarian Study at Boston University. Centenarians will often have many friends, strong ties to relatives and high self-esteem. In addition, some research suggests that the offspring of centenarians are more likely to age in better cardiovascular health than their peers.

DNA repair

Lymphoblastoid cell lines established from blood samples of centenarians have significantly higher activity of the DNA repair protein PARP (Poly ADP ribose polymerase) than cell lines from younger (20 to 70 years old) individuals. The lymphocytic cells of centenarians have characteristics typical of cells from young people, both in their capability of priming the mechanism of repair after H2O2 sublethal oxidative DNA damage and in their PARP capacity. PARP activity measured in the permeabilized mononuclear leukocyte blood cells of thirteen mammalian species correlated with maximum lifespan of the species. These findings suggest that PARP mediated DNA repair activity contributes to the longevity of centenarians, consistent with the DNA damage theory of aging.

Japanese bio-study

Many experts attribute Japan's high life expectancy to the typical Japanese diet, which is particularly low in refined simple carbohydrates, and to hygienic practices. The number of centenarians in relation to the total population was, in September 2010, 114% higher in Shimane Prefecture than the national average. This ratio was also 92% higher in Okinawa Prefecture. In Okinawa, studies have shown five factors that have contributed to the large number of centenarians in that region:

1. A diet that is heavy on grains, fish, and vegetables and light on meat, eggs, and dairy products.
2. Low-stress lifestyles, which are proven significantly less stressful than that of the mainland inhabitants of Japan.
3. A caring community, where older adults are not isolated and are taken better care of.
4. High levels of activity, where locals work until an older age than the average age in other countries, and more emphasis on activities like walking and gardening to keep active.
5. Spirituality, where a sense of purpose comes from involvement in spiritual matters and prayer eases the mind of stress and problems.

Although these factors vary from those mentioned in the previous study, the culture of Okinawa has proven these factors to be important in its large population of centenarians.

A historical study from Korea found that male eunuchs in the royal court had a centenarian rate of over 3%, and that eunuchs lived on average 14 to 19 years longer than uncastrated men.

Epigenetic studies

By measuring the biological age of various tissues from centenarians, researchers may be able to identify tissues that are protected from aging effects. According to a study of 30 different body parts from centenarians and younger controls, the cerebellum is the youngest brain region (and probably body part) in centenarians (about 15 years younger than expected) according to an epigenetic biomarker of tissue age known as epigenetic clock.

These findings could explain why the cerebellum exhibits fewer neuropathological hallmarks of age related dementias compared to other brain regions. Further, the offspring of semi-supercentenarians (subjects who reached an age of 105–109 years) have a lower epigenetic age than age-matched controls (age difference=5.1 years in peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and centenarians are younger (8.6 years) than expected based on their chronological age.

References

References

1. (2012). "Chapter 1: Setting the Scene". UNFPA.
2. "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations".
3. (9 May 2002). "Life expectancy to soar". BBC News.
4. (11 December 2013). "[Archived Content] One third of babies born in 2013 are expected to live to 100". ONS.
5. (1 October 1998). "Demographics of older persons". UN.
6. (12 September 2008). "Japan centenarians at record high". BBC News.
7. [http://www.avmaroc.com/pdf/centenaires-japon-actualite-a140600-d.pdf ''De plus en plus de centenaires au Japon'' (PDF)] {{webarchive. link. (27 September 2011 . Agence France Presse via Avmaroc.com. 12 September 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2013.)
8. (13 September 2013). "Aging Japan now has 65692 centenarians". The Japan Times.
9. [http://esa.un.org/unpp "World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision"] {{webarchive. link. (16 December 2007 . United Nations. Retrieved 24 February 2013.)
10. [https://healthprep.com/aging/#WPA2009-report.pdf "World Population Ageing 2009"]. (PDF) ST/ESA/SER.A/295. Population Division – Department of Economic and Social Affairs. United Nations. October 2010. p.27.
11. "International Database (IDB) – Single Year Age Groups: World". [[U.S. Census Bureau]].
12. (2024). "Supercentenarian and remarkable age records exhibit patterns indicative of clerical errors and pension fraud".
13. (September 13, 2024). "'The data on extreme human ageing is rotten from the inside out' – Ig Nobel winner Saul Justin Newman".
14. Ari Daniel. (October 8, 2024). "Alive on paper but dead in reality — why fewer people may be reaching advanced age". NPR.
15. (August 2022). "Andorra".
16. (August 2024). "Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina: 2024". [[Ministry of the Interior (Argentina).
17. "Primer Censo de la República Argentina (1869)". Imprenta El Porvenir.
18. "Demographic Yearbook: 1955". Statistical Office of the [[United Nations]].
19. (12 December 2024). "Home >Statistics>People Population National, state and territory population > June 2024> Data downloads – data cubes>Population by age and sex – national>Tabel8 Estimated resident population, by age and sex–at 30 June 2024". Australian Bureau of Statistics.
20. Statistics Austria. (6 November 2024). "Startseite >Statistiken >Bevölkerung und Soziales >Bevölkerung >Bevölkerungsstand >Bevölkerung nach Alter/Geschlecht >Grafiken, Tabellen, Karten>Detailergebnisse>Bevölkerung zu Jahresbeginn nach Alter, Geschlecht sowie österreichischer/ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit seit 2002".
21. Jeune, B.. (March 2000). "In Search of the First Centenarians". Demogr.mpg.de.
22. Nationnews [https://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/81655/barbados-home-100-centenarians « Barbados home to over 100 centenarians »] {{Webarchive. link. (24 August 2016)
23. [https://centenariansofbarbados.com CentenariansofBarbados.com], [[Government of Barbados]]
24. (11 June 2024). "Statbel>Thèmes>Population>Structure de la population>Population par lieu de résidence, nationalité (Belge/non-Belge), état civil, âge et sexe". [[:w:Statistics Belgium]].
25. (1 June 2012). "Population Statistics". Asian Journal of Gerontology and Geriatrics.
26. (2023-10-28). "Brasil tem 37,8 mil idosos com 100 anos ou mais; veja ranking das cidades".
27. "IBGE {{!}} Biblioteca".
28. "Население по статистически райони, възраст, местоживеене и пол". National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria.
29. (20 August 2021). "ស្ថិតិរបស់ក្រសួងផែនការៈ ប្រជាជនកម្ពុជាដែលមានអាយុ ១០០ឆ្នាំឡើងមានជាង ៣០០០នាក់". Rasmei News.
30. (25 September 2024). "Population estimates on July 1st, by age and sex".
31. (17 October 2013). "Top 10 national longevity announced: over 50,000 elderly people over 100 years old(中国の長寿者トップ10発表 百歳以上の高齢者5万人超)". [[People's Daily]] Japanese.
32. Lee, Sharon. [http://english.rednet.cn/c/2007/12/20/1400517.htm "17.8 thousand centenarians in China".] {{Webarchive. link. (4 March 2016 Rednet.cn. 30 December 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2013.)
33. DANE. (2023). "Personas mayores de 100 años en Colombia".
34. Anđelković, Katarina. (2023-02-11). "Meet the Elite: 944 People Aged Over a Hundred Living in Croatia".
35. croatiaweek. (2013-02-12). "Croatia has 244 people living over 100 years old".
36. [[:w:Český statistický úřad]]. (17 May 2024). "Home>We publish>Catalogue of Products >Age Distribution of the Population – 2023>Population by age as of 31 December 2023".
37. ''Prague Daily Monitor''. [http://praguemonitor.com/2011/10/14/number-centenarians-rising-czech-republic "Number of centenarians rising in Czech Republic"] {{webarchive. link. (17 December 2011 . 14 October 2011 (against 404 in November 2006: Horaova, Pavla. [http://www.radio.cz/en/article/85314 "Number of Centenarians Rising as Population Ageing Continues"]. Radio Praha. 15 November 2006).)
38. Statistics Sweden (SCB). (December 2024). "People>FOLK1A: Population at the first day of the quarter by region, sex, age and marital status".
39. (January–March 2005). "An unprecedented increase in the number of centenarians". Genus.
40. (10 July 2021). "Dominica loses four centenarians within three months; the count now decreases to 23". Dominica News Online.
41. (1 January 2023). "11s3 – Population according to urban-rural classification by age and sex, 2000–2023". Statistics Finland's PxWeb databases.
42. (14 January 2025). "Bilan démographique 2024 > Téléchargement des tableaux à l'unité > Population au 1ᵉʳ janvier par sexe et âge détaillé (en années révolues) – Séries depuis 1991 pour la France et 1901 pour la France métropolitaine". L’Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques（[[INSEE]]）.
43. INED [http://www.ined.fr/fr/pop_chiffres/france/structure_population/nombre_centenaires/ « Nombre de centenaires. Evolution et projection »]; [http://www.ined.fr/fr/pop_chiffres/france/structure_population/nombre_centenaires/bdd/export/1/para/34618/ data] {{webarchive. link. (30 May 2009)
44. Insee [https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2496218 "21 000 centenaires en 2016 en France, 270 000 en 2070 ?"], January 2016.
45. [[:de:Statistisches Bundesamt]]. (7 October 2024). "Statistischer Bericht – Bevölkerungsfortschreibung auf Basis Zensus 2022 – Berichtsjahr 2022 > 12411-03: Bevölkerung 1990 bis 2022 nach Geschlecht und Altersjahren".
46. [ Displaying Abstract ]. (25 October 2010). "Centenarians in Germany". The New York Times.
47. (1 January 2016). "Magyar statisztikai évkönyv, 2015 – Grafikonok". Ksh.hu.
48. [http://hagstofa.is/?PageID=2593&src=https://rannsokn.hagstofa.is/pxis/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=MAN00101%26ti=Mannfj%F6ldi+eftir+kyni+og+aldri+1841%2D2015++++++%26path=../Database/mannfjoldi/Yfirlit/%26lang=3%26units=Fj%F6ldi "Mannfjöldi eftir kyni og aldri 1841–2015"]. Hagstofa Íslands. 21 March 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
49. [http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/21/worlds-centenarian-population-projected-to-grow-eightfold-by-2050/ PEW: World's centenarian population projected to grow eightfold by 2050] Retrieved 22 April 2016.
50. "Popolazione residente al 1° Gennaio 2024 per sesso, età e stato civile (n)Italia".
51. (12 September 2025). "令和７年度百歳の高齢者へのお祝い状及び記念品の贈呈について 百歳高齢者表彰の対象者は52,310人". [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]].
52. Cabinet Statistics Bureau (内閣統計局). (1914). "III. 人口 19.本籍人口年齢大別及男女年齢五歳階級別（全国）". Tokyo Statistics Association (東京統計協会).
53. "人口統計資料集(2021)". [[National Institute of Population and Social Security Research]] (国立社会保障・人口問題研究所).
54. Kannisto, Väinö (1994). [http://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/Books/Monograph1/start.html "Development of Oldest-Old Mortality, 1950–1990: Evidence from 28 Developed Countries"] {{Webarchive. link. (28 July 2011 . ''Monographs on Population Aging''. No.1. Odense University Press: Odense, Denmark. 108 pp. Updated 1 February 1999. [http://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/Books/Monograph1/table5.html Table5]{{Webarchive). link. (28 July 2011)
55. McCurry, Justin. (13 September 2013). "Centenarians set to hit record high of 54,397".
56. "International Database (IDB) – Single Year Age Groups: Malaysia". [[U.S. Census Bureau]].
57. (2020). "Población total por entidad federativa y grupo quinquenal de edad según sexo, serie de años censales de 1990 a 2020".
58. (2023). "Hoeveel ouderen zijn er in Nederland?". [[:de:Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek.
59. [http://www.volkstellingen.nl/nl/volkstelling/imageview/VT183001B/index.html 1830 Census] (in Dutch). Volkstellingen.nl. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
60. "International Database (IDB) – Single Year Age Groups: New Zealand". [[U.S. Census Bureau]].
61. [[Statistics Norway]]. (2022). "Home>Population>Population count>Population>07459: Population, by sex and one-year age groups (M) 1986 – 2022".
62. EleccionesPeru and Elcomercio.pe. [http://www.eleccionesenperu.com/noticia-electores-mayores-edad-1332-19.html "1,682 electors are over 100 years"] {{Webarchive. link. (12 March 2016. Lima, Peru. 7 February 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2013.)
63. (2024-11-08). "Tylu 100-latków żyje w Polsce. Liczby zaskakują - Wiadomości Radio ZET".
64. (30 August 2006). "Specemerytura dla stulatka (in Polish)". Money.pl.
65. "População residente por sexo e grupo etário".
66. "Populaţia rezidentă la 1 ianuarie 2025 şi migraţia internaţională în anul 2024". [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)]].
67. "Populaţia rezidentă la 1 ianuarie 2024 şi migraţia internaţională în anul 2023". [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)]].
68. (19 April 2020). "Росстат подсчитал число россиян старше 100 лет". [[РИА Новости]].
69. Tan, Teresa. (1 October 2020). "Reaching 100: Number of centenarians in Singapore has doubled in 10 years". The Straits Times.
70. (2021). "Prebivalstvo po velikih in petletnih starostnih skupinah in spolu, statistične regije, Slovenija, letno". Statistični urad Republike Slovenije.
71. (1966). "Prebivalstvo". Statistični urad Republike Slovenije.
72. Sčítanie obyvateľov, domov a bytov（Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic）. (2021). "Number of population by age units in the Slovak Republic at 1. 1. 2021". Sčítanie obyvateľov, domov a bytov（Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic）.
73. (1 November 2012). "15 000 in SA aged over 100 – Census". News24.
74. [[:w:Statistics South Africa. (2023). "stats in brief 2023 2.1 Mid-year population estimates by age group, population group and gender, 2023 (thousands)".
75. 김치연. (2 October 2024). "노인의 날 기념식…올해 100세 맞은 2천658명에 '장수 지팡이'". [[:ko:연합뉴스]].
76. "Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain) 2020".
77. "Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)".
78. (2023). "Statistikdatabasen>Befolkning>Befolkningsstatistik>Folkmängd>Folkmängden efter region, civilstånd, ålder och kön. År 1968 – 2023". SCB.
79. "จำนวนประชากรจากการทะเบียน จำแนกตามอายุ เพศ ภาคและจังหวัด พ.ศ. 2564–2567". Department of Provincial Administration, Ministry of Interior.
80. "Estimates of the very old, including centenarians, UK - Office for National Statistics".
81. "Scotland in 1911".
82. United States Census Bureau. (23 June 2025). "National Population by Characteristics: 2020–2023 Tables>Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Selected Age Groups by Sex for the United States: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 (NC-EST2024-AGESEX)".
83. Krach, Constance A. and Velkoff, Victoria A (1999). [https://www.census.gov/prod/99pubs/p23-199.pdf "Centenarians in the United States"]. ''Current Population Reports'' (Series P23-199RV). U.S. Bureau of the Census. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. iii + 18 pp.
84. Meyer, Julie. (December 2012). "Centenarians: 2010". United States Census Bureau.
85. "Población por área y sexo, según grupo quinquenal de edades". Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Uruguay).
86. Total population: 3,285,877 + 437 homeless, per [http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/resultadosfinales/cuadros/NIVEL%20NACIONAL/Poblaci%C3%B3n/Generales/P_3_CAR.xls 2011 census data] {{webarchive. link. (9 March 2013)
87. (July 2002). "Emergence of supercentenarians in low-mortality countries". North American Actuarial Journal.
88. "Publications".
89. (2010). "Supercentenarians by H. Maier, J. Gampe, B. Jeune, J.-M. Robine and J.W. Vaupel. Springer 2010". Springerlink.com.
90. "Gerontology Research Group Index Page, as of [1997 - 2007]". Grg.org.
91. [http://en.allexperts.com/q/Italian-Language-1584/Italian-Translation.htm Italian Translation] {{webarchive. link. (22 December 2011 . AllExperts.com. 21 June 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2012.)
92. (2019). "Mortality". Richard Saul Wurman.
93. Welna, David. (December 5, 2002). "Strom Thurmond at 100".
94. (1 October 2024). "Jimmy Carter and his hometown of Plains celebrate the 39th president's 100th birthday".
95. Grande, Peggy. (1 October 2024). "Happy birthday to America's first presidential centenarian".
96. (4 September 2021). "Willard Scott Dies: 'Today' Weatherman Who Celebrated Centenarians Was 87".
97. (2020-07-02). "Frequently Asked Questions – NM Taxation and Revenue Department".
98. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-birthday-idUSTRE5220ZP20090303 Ageing Japan cuts cost of 100th birthday gifts 3 March 2009] {{Webarchive. link. (27 September 2015 ''[[Reuters]]'' Retrieved 26 September 2015)
99. Izadi, Elahe. (21 August 2015). "Japan has so many super old people that it can't afford to give them special sake cups anymore". [[The Washington Post]].
100. Plucinska, Joanna (20 August 2015). [https://time.com/4004281/japan-centenarian-gift-seniors-day-sakazuki/ "Japan Can't Afford to Give Centenarians Gifts Anymore Because There Are Too Many of Them"]. ''[[Time (magazine). Time]]''. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
101. "'Oldest' Indian man dies in Madhya Pradesh".
102. "Centenarian Receives Birthday Spread".
103. "Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of Republic Act (RA) No. 10868, otherwise known as the "Centenarians Act of 2016"".
104. "衛福部年度重陽節致贈人瑞金鎖片採購案".
105. "衛福部贈重陽金鎖片 爆百名幽靈人瑞". 風傳媒.
106. "敬老人瑞金鎖片 再貴也要買". 工商時報.
107. Hassandarvish, Milad. (2025-07-10). "Dr Mahathir turns 100: A look back at a few defining moments that shaped Malaysia".
108. (3 March 2006). "Centenarians abroad to get birthday bonus". Irish Times.
109. (9 March 2007). "Ripe old age earns more centenarians, a tidy birthday bonus from President".
110. "Jubilea – Onderscheidingen – Diensten".
111. [https://www.gp.se/fler-100-%C3%A5ringar-ger-hovet-merarbete-1.1101899 "Fler 100-åringar ger hovet merarbete"] (in Swedish). ''Göteborgs-Posten''. 29 December 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
112. (23 October 2022). "King Charles III first set of 100th birthday cards delivered". BBC News.
113. (14 February 2023). "Congratulatory Messages New Zealand Government".
114. (25 October 2017). "Requesting a Greeting The Governor General of Canada".
115. (26 August 1905). "Performers of the Past: famous Grantham gymnast, interesting recollections". Boston Guardian and Lincolnshire Independent.
116. Postel-Vinay O. (July–August 1999). "Histoire Le Cas de la Grèce Antique". [[La Recherche.
117. JOURNAL ARTICLE M. I. Finley, "The Elderly in Classical Antiquity", ''Greece & Rome'' 28.2 (1981), 156–171
118. (January 1994). "Length of life in the ancient world: a controlled study". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.
119. [[Pliny the Elder. Pliny]], [[wikisource:la:Naturalis Historia/Liber VII. Naturalis Historia, lib. vii, 158]].
120. "A Short History of Egypt: Part I: From the Predynastic Period to the Old Kingdom". [[Carnegie Mellon University]].
121. Jacques Kinnaer. "Pepi II". Ancient-Egypt.org.
122. Melville, Sarah C.. (26 October 2012). "Adad-guppi". John Wiley & Sons.
123. [https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/363 Funerary inscription for Julius Valens]. Roman Inscriptions of Britain – RIB 363.
124. ''Bernoldi Chronicon'' (1097). MGH SS V, p. 465.
125. (April 2000). "Plasma antioxidants and longevity: a study on healthy centenarians". Free Radic Biol Med.
126. (Jul 2007). "Different antioxidant profiles in Italian centenarians: the Sardinian peculiarity". Eur J Clin Nutr.
127. (2000). "Antioxidant defense in centenarians (a preliminary study)". Acta Biochim. Pol..
128. (Sep 1998). "Low activity of superoxide dismutase and high activity of glutathione reductase in erythrocytes from centenarians". Age Ageing.
129. (25 June 2008). "Blood tests 'could be used to predict lifespan'". [[The Daily Telegraph]].
130. (3 February 2009). "Living longer thanks to the 'longevity gene'". MedicalXpress.
131. (13 April 2009). "Researchers Identify Personality Traits of Centenarian Offspring Which May Influence Longevity".
132. (Nov 2008). "Centenarian offspring: start healthier and stay healthier". J Am Geriatr Soc.
133. (1998). "Increased poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in lymphoblastoid cell lines from centenarians". J. Mol. Med..
134. (2007). "Oxidative DNA damage repair and parp 1 and parp 2 expression in Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B lymphocyte cells from young subjects, old subjects, and centenarians". Rejuvenation Res.
135. (1992). "Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in mononuclear leukocytes of 13 mammalian species correlates with species-specific life span". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A..
136. link. (25 October 2014 {{ISBN). 978-1-60456-581-2
137. Santrock, John (2008). "Physical Development and Biological Aging". In Mike Ryan, Michael J. Sugarman, Maureen Spada, and Emily Pecora (eds.): ''A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development'' (pp. 129–132). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
138. ''Japan Times'' (15 September 2010). [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100915a8.html "Centenarians to Hit Record 44,000"]. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
139. In 2006, official data from the Okinawa Prefectural government were slightly inflated because of a methodological flaw. See Willcox, D. Craig; Willcox, Bradley J.; He Qimei; Wang Nien-chiang and Suzuki Makoto. [http://www.okicent.org/docs/age_validation_in_okinawa_jgbs_2008.pdf "They Really Are That Old: A Validation Study of Centenarian Prevalence in Okinawa"] {{Webarchive. link. (27 July 2011 . (PDF) ''The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences''. Vol. 63. 2008. pp. 338–349.)
140. (24 September 2012). "Upside to castration? Eunuchs lived longer, study finds". Reuters via NBC.
141. (2015). "The cerebellum ages slowly according to the epigenetic clock.". Aging.
142. (2013). "DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types". Genome Biology.
143. (2015). "Decreased epigenetic age of PBMCs from Italian semi-supercentenarians and their offspring.". Aging.