Caucasian squirrel

Description

Caucasian squirrels are small tree squirrels, with a total length of 32 to, including the 13 to tail, and weighing 250 to. The color of the upper body fur ranges from greyish brown to pale grey, depending on the subspecies, while that of the underparts is rusty brown to yellowish, and that of the tail, yellow brown to deep red. The claws are relatively short, compared with those of other tree squirrels, and females have either eight or ten teats.

Samuel Griswold Goodrich described the Caucasian squirrel in 1885 as "Its color is grayish-brown above, and yellowish-brown below".

Distribution and habitat

Caucasian squirrels are native to south-western Asia, where they are found from Turkey, and the islands of Gökçeada and Lesbos in the west, Iran in the southeast, and as far as Israel and Jordan in the south. It is one of only two species of the genus Sciurus to be found on Mediterranean islands, and, although Eurasian red squirrels have been recently introduced to some areas, is the only species of Sciurus native to the wider region.

The species mainly lives in forested areas dominated by oak, pine, and pistachio, up to altitudes of 2000 m.

Three subspecies are recognised:

• S. a. anomalus - Turkey and the Caucasus
• S. a. pallescens - Zagros Mountains, from south-eastern Turkey to Iran
• S. a. syriacus - Lebanon, Syria, Israel, and Jordan

Biology and behavior

The squirrels are diurnal, and solitary, although temporary groups may forage where food is plentiful. Their diet includes nuts, seeds, tree shoots, and buds, with the seeds of oak and pine being particularly favored. Like many other squirrels, they cache their food within tree cavities or loose soil, with some larders containing up to 6 kg of seeds.

They live in trees, where they make their dens, but frequently forage on the ground, and are considered less arboreal than Eurasian red squirrels. They commonly nest in tree hollows lined with moss and leaves, and located 5 to above the ground, but nests are also sometimes found under rocks or tree roots. Their alarm call is high-pitched, and said to resemble the call of the European green woodpecker, and they mark their territories with urine and dung.[[File:Red squirrel Alacam Samsun Turkey.jpg|thumb|A Caucasian/Anatolian squirrel from Samsun, Alaçam]] Breeding occurs throughout the year, but is more common in spring or autumn. Litters range from two to seven, with three or four being typical, and the young are fully mature by five or six months of age.

Conservation

A survey in 2008 found that the species remained abundant within Turkey, however declines are noted in population within the Levant region. The guides for a survey in 1993 in Israel stated that they considered the species to be nearly extinct within the area studied. Whilst the Caucasian squirrel is threatened by poaching and deforestation, the declines recorded are not sufficient to qualify them as anything other than "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

References

References

1. (2016). "''Sciurus anomalus''".
2. (2005). "Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference". The Johns Hopkins University Press.
3. (1788). "13th edition Systema Naturae". impensis Georg. Emanuel. Beer.
4. Masseti, Marco. (2012). "Atlas of Terrestrial Mammals of the Ionian and Aegean Islands". De Gruyter.
5. Koprowski, J.L.. (August 2016). "''Sciurus anomalus'' (Rodentia: Sciuridae)". Mammalian Species.
6. Goodrich, Samuel Griswald. (1885). "Johnson's Natural History". A.J. Johnson & Co..
7. Gavish, L.. (1993). "Preliminary observations on the behavior and ecology of free-living populations of the subspecies ''Sciurus anomalus syriacus'' (golden squirrel) on Mount Hermon, Israel". Israel Journal of Zoology.
8. Abi-Said, M.R.. (2014). "Ecology of the Persian squirrel, ''Sciurus anomalus'', in Horsh Ehden Nature Reserve, Lebanon". Vertebrate Zoology.
9. (October 2002). "Appendix B1 - Mammal Species Dossier". British Petrolleum.