Captain (armed forces)

History

The term ultimately goes back to Late Latin {{linktext|capitaneus}} meaning "head of [something]"; in Middle English adopted as capitayn in the 14th century, from Old French capitaine.

The military rank of captain was in use from the 1560s, referring to an officer who commands a company. The naval sense, an officer who commands a man-of-war, is somewhat earlier, from the 1550s, later extended in meaning to "master or commander of any kind of vessel". A captain in the period prior to the professionalization of the armed services of European nations subsequent to the French Revolution, during the early modern period, was a nobleman who purchased the right to head a company from the previous holder of that right. He would in turn receive money from another nobleman to serve as his lieutenant. The funding to provide for the troops did not come from the monarch or their government; the captain responsible for feeding, housing, and provisioning their company. If he was unable to support the company, or was otherwise court-martialed, he would be dismissed ("cashiered"), and the monarch would sell his commission to another nobleman to command the company. Otherwise, the only pension for the captain was selling the right to another nobleman when he was ready to retire.

Modern usage

Today, a captain is typically either the commander or second-in-command of a company or artillery battery (or United States Army cavalry troop or Commonwealth squadron). In the Chinese People's Liberation Army, a captain may also command a company, or be the second-in-command of a battalion.

In some militaries, such as United States Army and Air Force and the British Army, captain is the entry-level rank for officer candidates possessing a professional degree, namely, most medical professionals (doctors, pharmacists, dentists) and lawyers. In the U.S. Army, lawyers who are not already officers at captain rank or above enter as lieutenants during training, and are promoted to the rank of captain after completion of their training if they are in the active component, or after a certain amount of time, usually one year from their date of commission as a lieutenant, for the reserve components.

The rank of captain should not be confused with the naval rank of captain, or with the UK-influenced air force rank of group captain, both of which are equivalent to the army rank of colonel.

Air forces

Many air forces, such as the United States Air Force, use a rank structure and insignia similar to those of the army.

However, the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force, many other Commonwealth air forces and a few non-Commonwealth air forces use an air force-specific rank structure in which flight lieutenant is OF-2. A group captain is derived from the naval rank of captain.

Canada is a unique exception. Due to the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces in 1968, the air force rank titles are the same as those of the Canadian Army. However, like their Commonwealth counterparts, rank braids are pearl grey and increase in half strip increments. The decision was taken not to restore the historic rank titles for the RCAF due to it being deemed 'too confusing'.

Insignia

File:Argentina-Army-OF-2.svg|Capitán Argentine Army File:Australian Army OF-2.svg|Australian Army File:Bangladesh-army-OF-2.svg|Bangladesh Army File:Army-BEL-OF-02b.svg|Belgian Land Component File:Bosnia and Herzegovina Captain Insignia.svg|Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina File:Brazil-Army-OF-2.svg|Capitão Brazilian Army File:British Army OF-2.svg|British Army/Royal Marines File:Canadian Army OF-2.svg|Canadian Army File:Rank insignia of capital of the Colombian Army.svg|Colombian Army File:CzArmy 2011 OF2-Kapitan shoulder.svg|Kapitán Czech Republic Army File:Kapteeni kauluslaatta.svg|Kapteeni Finnish Defence Force File:Army-FRA-OF-02.svg|Capitaine French Army File:Georgia Army OF-3.png|კაპიტანი (K’ap’it’ani) Georgian Army File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|Indian Army File:15-TNI Army-CPT.svg|Kapten Indonesian Army File:Ireland-Army-OF-2.svg|Captaen Irish Army File:Rank insignia of capitano of the Army of Italy (1973).svg|Capitano Italian Army File:15-Lithuania Army-CPT.svg|Kapitonas Lithuanian Land Force File:11-APM-CPT.svg|Капетан (Kapetan) Macedonian Army File:Mexican Military Capitan-primero.gif|Capitán Mexican Army File:Nl-landmacht-kapitein ritmeester.svg|Kapitein Royal Netherlands Army File:13.Nepalese_Army-CAPT.svg|Nepali Army File:New Zealand-Army-OF-2.svg|New Zealand Army File:OF-2 Pakistan Army.svg|Kaptan Pakistan Army File:PA CPT Svc.svg|Capitán (Spanish) Kapitán (Filipino) Philippine Army File:03-RSA-OF02.svg|Captain Republic of Singapore Armed Forces File:SAA-OF-2.svg|Kaptein South African Army File:Sri Lanka-army-OF-2.svg|Sri Lanka Army File:OF-2 Kapten FV hylsa.svg|Kapten Swedish Air Force File:SWE-Kapten.svg|Kapten Swedish Army File:Turkey-army-OF-2.svg|Yüzbaşı Turkish Army File:Turkey-air-force-OF-2.svg|Yüzbaşı Turkish Air Force File:US Army O3 (Army greens).svg|U.S. Army (dress) File:US Marine O3 shoulderboard vertical.svg|U.S. Marine Corps File:US Air Force O3 shoulderboard.svg|U.S. Air Force File:US Space-force O3.svg|U.S. Space Force File:Army-POL-OF-02.svg|Kapitan Polish Land Forces File:Rank insignia of kapitan of the Air Force of Poland.svg|Kapitan Polish Air Force

References

References

1. Non-Commonwealth air forces using an air force-specific rank structure include the [[Egyptian Air Force]], [[Hellenic Air Force]], [[Royal Air Force of Oman]], [[Royal Thai Air Force]] and the [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]].
2. (September 24, 2014). "New insignia for the Royal Canadian Air Force".