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Cantons of Switzerland

Member states of the Swiss Confederation

Field	Value
name	Swiss cantons

alt_name	Stände, États, Stati
map	Switzerland, administrative divisions - en - colored.svg
category	Federated state
upper_unit	Regions
territory	Switzerland
start_date	13th century
current_number	26 cantons
number_date	1999
population_range	16,003 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) – 1,487,969 (Canton of Zürich)
area_range	37 km2 – 7105 km2
government	List of cantonal executives of Switzerland
subdivision	Districts and municipalities

The 26 cantons of Switzerland are the member states of the Swiss Confederation. The nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the form of the first three confederate allies used to be referred to as the Waldstätte. Two important periods in the development of the Old Swiss Confederacy are summarized by the terms Acht Orte ('Eight Cantons'; from 1353 to 1481) and Dreizehn Orte ('Thirteen Cantons', from 1513 to 1798).

Each canton of the Old Swiss Confederacy, formerly also Ort ('lieu/locality', from before 1450), or Stand ('estate', from ), was a fully sovereign state with its own border controls, army, and currency from at least the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) until the establishment of the Swiss federal state in 1848, with a brief period of centralised government during the Helvetic Republic (1798–1803). The term Kanton has been widely used since the 19th century.

The number of cantons was increased to 19 with the Act of Mediation (1803), with the recognition of former subject territories as full cantons. The Federal Treaty of 1815 increased the number to 22 due to the accession of former associates of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The canton of Jura acceded as the 23rd canton with its secession from Bern in 1979. The official number of cantons was increased to 26 in the federal constitution of 1999, which designated former half-cantons as cantons.

The areas of the cantons vary from 37 km (15 sq. mi.) (Basel-Stadt) to 7,105 km (2743 sq. mi.) (Grisons); the populations (as of 2018) range from 16,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) to 1.5 million (Zürich).

Terminology

The term canton, now also used as the English term for administrative subdivisions of other countries, originates in French usage in the late 15th century (recorded in Fribourg in 1467), from a word for "edge, corner", at the time the literal translation of Early Modern High German Ort. After 1490, canton was increasingly used in French and Italian documents to refer to the members of the Swiss Confederacy.

In the Old Swiss Confederacy, the term (plural: Orte) was in use from the early 15th century as a generic term for the member cantons. Ort was increasingly replaced by Stand (plural: Stände) 'estate' about 1550, a term taken to imply liberty and sovereignty. Abolished in the Helvetic Republic, the term 'Stand' was revived in 1815 and remains in use today.

The French term canton adopted into German after 1648, and then only in occasional use until the early 19th century: prominent usage of Ort and Stand gradually disappeared in German-speaking Switzerland from the time of the Helvetic Republic. Only with the Act of Mediation of 1803 did German Kanton become an official designation, retained in the Swiss Constitution of 1848.

The term Stand (, ) remains in synonymous usage and is reflected in the name of the upper chamber of the Swiss Parliament, the Council of States (, , , ).

Republic In the modern era, since Neuchâtel ceased to be a principality in 1848, all Swiss cantons can be considered to have a republican form of government. Some cantons formally describe themselves as republics in their constitutions. This applies to the Romance-speaking cantons in particular: Geneva (formally République et canton de Genève, 'Republic and canton of Geneva'), Jura, Neuchâtel, Valais, Vaud and Ticino.

History

Main article: Eight Cantons, Thirteen Cantons, Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland, Switzerland as a federal state

In the 16th century, the Old Swiss Confederacy was composed of 13 sovereign confederate allies (the Thirteen Cantons; ), and there were two different kinds: five rural states () – Uri, Schwyz (which became eponymous of the confederacy), Unterwalden, Glarus, Appenzell – and eight urban states () – Zürich, Bern, Luzern, Zug, Basel, Fribourg, Solothurn, Schaffhausen.

Though they were technically part of the Holy Roman Empire, they had become de facto independent when the Swiss defeated Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 in Dornach.

In the early modern period, the individual confederate allies came to be seen as republics; while the six traditional allies had a tradition of direct democracy in the form of the Landsgemeinde, the urban states operated via representation in city councils, de facto oligarchic systems dominated by families of the patriciate.{{NoteTag|Zug was the exception in this, in being an urban state and still holding a Landsgemeinde.{{clarify|date=October 2014|reason=what does this source say exactly? it's true that these "republics" were de facto oligarchies, but this applies to both the rural cantons and the urban cantons, and this was indeed understood in the term "republic" at the time. So what exactly is this reference used in support of? the text used to refer to "noble families", while in fact, the oligarchy was a matter of an urban (non-noble) patriciate}}}}

The old system was abandoned with the formation of the Helvetic Republic following the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798. The cantons of the Helvetic Republic had merely the status of an administrative subdivision with no sovereignty. The Helvetic Republic collapsed within five years, and cantonal sovereignty was restored with the Act of Mediation of 1803. The status of Switzerland as a federation of states was restored, at the time including 19 cantons (the six accessions to the early modern Thirteen Cantons being composed of former associates and subject territories: St. Gallen, Grisons, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud). Three additional western cantons, Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva, acceded in 1815.

The process of "Restoration", completed by 1830, returned most of the former feudal rights to the cantonal patriciates, leading to rebellions among the rural population. The Radicals embodied these democratic forces calling for a new federal constitution. This tension, paired with religious issues ("Jesuit question") escalated into armed conflict in the 1840s, with the brief Sonderbund War. The victory of the Liberal-Radicals resulted in the formation of Switzerland as a federal state in 1848. The cantons retained far-reaching sovereignty but were no longer allowed to maintain individual standing armies or international relations. As the revolutions of 1848 in Western Europe had failed elsewhere, Switzerland during the later 19th century (and with the exception of the French Third Republic, until the end of World War I) found itself as an isolated democratic republic, surrounded by the restored monarchies of France, Italy, Austria-Hungary and Germany.

Constitutions and powers

The Swiss Federal Constitution declares the cantons to be sovereign to the extent that their sovereignty is not limited by federal law. Areas specifically reserved to the Confederation include the armed forces, currency, postal service, telecommunications, immigration and emigration, the granting of asylum, foreign relations with sovereign states, civil and criminal law, weights and measures, and customs duties.

Each canton has its own constitution, legislature, executive, police and courts. Similar to the Confederation, a directorial system of government is followed by the cantons.

The cantonal legislatures are unicameral parliaments, with their size varying between 58 and 200 seats. A few legislatures also involve or did involve general popular assemblies known as Landsgemeinden; the use of this form of legislature has declined: at present, it exists only in the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus. The cantonal executives consist of either five or seven members, depending on the canton. For the names of the institutions, see the list of cantonal executives and list of cantonal legislatures.

The cantons retain all powers and competencies not delegated to the Confederation by the federal constitution or law: most significantly the cantons are responsible for healthcare, welfare, law enforcement, public education, and retain the power of taxation. Each canton defines its official language(s). Cantons may conclude treaties not only with other cantons but also with foreign states (respectively Articles 48 and 56 of the Federal Constitution).

The cantonal constitutions determine the internal organisation of the canton, including the degree of autonomy accorded to the municipalities, which varies but almost always includes the power to levy taxes and pass municipal laws; some municipalities have their own police forces.

As at the federal level, all cantons provide for some form of direct democracy. Citizens may demand a popular vote to amend the cantonal constitution or laws or to veto laws or spending bills passed by the parliament. Other than in the instances of general popular assemblies in Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus, democratic rights are exercised by secret ballot. The right of foreigners to vote varies by canton, as does whether Swiss citizens living abroad (and registered to vote in a canton) can take part in cantonal voting.

Swiss citizens are citizens of a particular municipality (the place of origin) and the canton in which that municipality is part. Cantons, therefore, have a role in and set requirements for the granting of citizenship (naturalisation), though the process is typically undertaken at a municipal level and is subject to federal law.

Switzerland has only one federal public holiday (1 August); public holidays otherwise vary from canton to canton.

List

The cantons are listed in their order of precedence given in the federal constitution. This reflects the historical order of precedence of the Eight Cantons in the 15th century, followed by the remaining cantons in the order of their historical accession to the confederacy.

Arms
{{NoteTag	Cantonal coats of arms shown with cantonal heraldic colors (Standesfarben).	Code	Name in official language(s)	Name in English	As a Swiss canton since	Capital	GDP (2020)
in million CHF	GDP per
capita (2020)
in CHF	Population
Area (km)	Density
(per km)	No. munic. (2018)	Official languages	[[File:Wappen Zürich matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Zürich]]	Zürich	Zurich	[[File:Wappen Bern matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Bern]]	Bern; Berne	Bern / Berne	[[File:Wappen Luzern matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Luzern]]	Luzern	Lucerne	[[File:Wappen Uri matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Uri]]	Uri	Uri	[[File:Wappen Schwyz matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Schwyz]]	Schwyz	Schwyz	[[File:Wappen Obwalden matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Obwalden]]	Obwalden	Obwalden / Obwald	[[File:Wappen Nidwalden matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Nidwalden]]	Nidwalden	Nidwalden / Nidwald	[[File:Wappen Glarus matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Glarus]]	Glarus	Glarus	[[File:Wappen Zug matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Zug]]	Zug	Zug / Zoug	[[File:Wappen Freiburg matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Fribourg]]	Fribourg; Freiburg	Fribourg	[[File:Wappen Solothurn matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Solothurn]]	Solothurn	Solothurn / Soleure	[[File:Wappen Basel-Stadt matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Basel-City]]	Basel-Stadt	Basel-Stadt / Basle-City	[[File:Wappen Basel-Landschaft matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Basel-Country]]	Basel-Landschaft	Basel-Landschaft / Basle-Country	[[File:Wappen Schaffhausen matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Schaffhausen]]	Schaffhausen	Schaffhausen / Schaffhouse	[[File:Wappen Appenzell Ausserrhoden matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Appenzell Ausserrhoden]]	Appenzell Ausserrhoden	Appenzell Ausserrhoden / Appenzell Outer-Rhodes	[[File:Wappen Appenzell Innerrhoden matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Appenzell Innerrhoden]]	Appenzell Innerrhoden	Appenzell Innerrhoden / Appenzell Inner-Rhodes	[[File:Wappen St. Gallen matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of St. Gallen]]	St. Gallen	St. Gallen / St Gall	[[File:Wappen Graubünden.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Graubünden]]	Graubünden; Grischun; Grigioni	Grisons / Graubünden	[[File:Wappen Aargau matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Aargau]]	Aargau	Aargau / Argovia	[[File:Wappen Thurgau matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Thurgau]]	Thurgau	Thurgau / Thurgovia	[[File:Wappen Tessin matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Ticino]]	Ticino	Ticino / Tessin	[[File:Wappen Waadt matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Vaud]]	Vaud	Vaud	[[File:Wappen Wallis matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Valais]]	Valais; Wallis	Valais	[[File:Wappen Neuenburg matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Neuchâtel]]	Neuchâtel	Neuchâtel	[[File:CHE Canton de Genève écu seul COA.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Geneva]]	Genève	Geneva	[[File:Wappen Jura matt.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Jura]]	Jura	Jura	[[File:Coat of Arms of Switzerland.svg	25px	Coat of arms of Switzerland]]	Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft;
Confédération suisse;
Confederazione Svizzera;
Confederaziun svizra	Swiss Confederation
1	ZH	1351	Zurich	149,004	96,359	CH-ZH}}	166	German
2	BE	1353	Bern	80,209	77,027	CH-BE}}	347	German, French
3	LU	1332	Lucerne	28,176	67,936	CH-LU}}	83	German
4	UR	1291
Altdorf	1,985	54,006	CH-UR}}	20	German
5	SZ	1291
Schwyz	9,876	61,223	CH-SZ}}	30	German
6	OW	1291
or 1315 (as part of Unterwalden)	Sarnen	2,564	67,453	CH-OW}}	7	German
7	NW	1291
(as Unterwalden)	Stans	2,867	66,209	CH-NW}}	11	German
8	GL	1352	Glarus	2,763	67,849	CH-GL}}	3	German
9	ZG	1352	Zug	20,029	156,210	CH-ZG}}	11	German
10	FR	1481	Fribourg	19,180	59,263	CH-FR}}	136	French, German
11	SO	1481	Solothurn	18,029	65,237	CH-SO}}	109	German
12	BS	1501 (as Basel until 1833/1999)	Basel	37,168	189,354	CH-BS}}	3	German
13	BL	1501 (as Basel until 1833/1999)	Liestal	20,567	70,866	CH-BL}}	86	German
14	SH	1501	Schaffhausen	7,244	87,569	CH-SH}}	26	German
15	AR	1513 (as Appenzell until 1597/1999)	Herisau	3,190	57,601	CH-AR}}	20	German
16	AI	1513 (as Appenzell until 1597/1999)	Appenzell	1,043	64,358	CH-AI}}	6	German
17	SG	1803
St. Gallen	38,041	74,210	CH-SG}}	77	German
18	GR	1803
Chur	14,519	72,754	CH-GR}}	108	German, Romansh, Italian
19	AG	1803
Aarau	43,590	63,177	CH-AG}}	212	German
20	TG	1803
Frauenfeld	17,208	61,190	CH-TG}}	80	German
21	TI	1803
Bellinzona	29,311	83,450	CH-TI}}	115	Italian
22	VD	1803
Lausanne	56,898	70,250	CH-VD}}	309	French
23	VS	1815
Sion	19,194	55,313	CH-VS}}	126	French, German
24	NE	1815/1857
Neuchâtel	15,343	87,080	CH-NE}}	31	French
25	GE	1815
Geneva	51,976	102,876	CH-GE}}	45	French
26	JU	1979
Delémont	4,687	63,643	CH-JU}}	55	French
-	CH	1815/1848
(Bern)	694,662	80,418	CH-CH}}	2,222	German, French, Italian, Romansh

The two-letter abbreviations for Swiss cantons are widely used, e.g. on car license plates. They are also used in the ISO 3166-2 codes of Switzerland with the prefix "CH-" (Confœderatio Helvetica — Helvetian Confederation — Helvetia having been the ancient Roman name of the region). CH-SZ, for example, is used for the canton of Schwyz.

Half-cantons

Half-cantonSix of the 26 cantons are traditionally, but no longer officially, called "half-cantons" (, , , ). In two instances (Basel and Appenzell) this was a consequence of a historic division, whilst in the case of Unterwalden a historic mutual association, resulting in three pairs of half-cantons. The other 20 cantons were, and in some instances still are—though only in a context where it is needed to distinguish them from any half-cantons—typically termed "full" cantons in English.

The first article of the 1848 and 1874 constitutions constituted the Confederation as the union of "twenty-two sovereign cantons", referring to the half-cantons as "Unterwalden (ob und nid dem Wald '[above and beneath the woods'])", "Basel (Stadt und Landschaft ['city and country'])" and "Appenzell (beider Rhoden ['both Rhoden'])". The 1874 constitution was amended to list 23 cantons with the accession of the Canton of Jura in 1978.

The historic half-cantons, and their pairings, are still recognizable in the first article of the Swiss Federal Constitution of 1999 by being joined to their other "half" with the conjunction "and": The 1999 constitutional revision retained the traditional distinction, on the request of the six cantonal governments, as a way to mark the historic association of the half-cantons to each other. While the older constitutions referred to these states as "half-cantons", a term that remains in popular use, the 1999 revision and official terminology since then use the appellation "cantons with half of a cantonal vote".

The , 1 and 2 francs coins as minted since 1874 represent the number of cantons by 22 stars surrounding the figure of Helvetia on the obverse. The design of the coins was altered to show 23 stars, including Jura, beginning with the 1983 batch. The design has remained unchanged since, and does not reflect the official number of "26 cantons" introduced in 1999.

The reasons for the existence of the three pairs of half-cantons are varied:

Unterwalden never consisted of a single unified jurisdiction. Originally, Obwalden, Nidwalden, and the Abbey of Engelberg formed distinct communities. The collective term Unterwalden remains in use, however, for the area that partook in the creation of the original Swiss confederation in 1291 with Uri and Schwyz. The Federal Charter of 1291 called for representatives from each of the three "areas".
The historical canton of Appenzell divided itself into "inner" and "outer" halves as a consequence of the Reformation in Switzerland in 1597: Appenzell Innerrhoden (Catholic) and Appenzell Ausserrhoden (Protestant).
The historical canton of Basel was divided in 1833 after the Basel countryside (which became the canton of Basel-Landschaft) declared its independence from the city of Basel (which became the canton of Basel-Stadt), following a period of protest and armed conflict about the under-representation of the more populous countryside in the canton's political system.

With their original circumstances of partition now a historical matter, the half-cantons are since 1848 equal to the other cantons in all but two respects:

They elect only one member of the Council of States instead of two (Cst. art. 150 par. 2). This means there are a total of 46 seats in the council.
In popular referendums about constitutional amendments, which require for adoption a national popular majority as well as the assent of a majority of the cantons (Ständemehr / majorité des cantons), the result of the half-cantons' popular vote counts only one half of that of the other cantons (Cst. arts. 140, 142). This means that for purposes of a constitutional referendum, at least 12 out of a total of 23 cantonal popular votes must support the amendment.

Between 1831 and 1833 the canton of Schwyz was divided into half-cantons: (Inner) Schwyz and the break-away Outer Schwyz; in this instance, the half-cantons were forced by the Confederation to settle their disputes and reunite.

In the 20th century, some Jura separatists suggested a new canton of Jura to be divided into half-cantons of North Jura and South Jura. Instead, North Jura became the (full) canton of Jura while South Jura remains in the canton of Bern as the region of Bernese Jura.

Names in national languages

The name of each canton in its own official language is shown in bold.

Abbr	German	French	Italian
Aargau; Argovia	Argovie	Argovia	****
Appenzell Innerrhoden; Appenzell Inner-Rhodes	Appenzell Rhodes-Intérieures	Appenzello Interno
Appenzell Ausserrhoden; Appenzell Outer-Rhodes	Appenzell Rhodes-Extérieures	Appenzello Esterno
Basel-Stadt; Basle-City	Bâle-Ville	Basilea Città
Basel-Landschaft; Basle-Country	Bâle-Campagne	Basilea Campagna
Bern; Berne	Berne	Berna
Fribourg; Friburg	Fribourg	Friburgo
Genève; Geneva	Genève	Ginevra
Glarus; Glaris	Glaris	Glarona
Grisons; Graubünden	Grisons	Grigioni
Jura	Jura	Giura
Lucerne	Lucerne	Lucerna
Neuchâtel	Neuchâtel	Neuchâtel	Neuchâtel
Nidwalden; Nidwald	Nidwald	Nidvaldo
Obwalden; Obwald	Obwald	Obvaldo
Schaffhausen; Schaffhouse	Schaffhouse	Sciaffusa
Schwyz	Schwyz (or Schwytz)	Svitto
Solothurn; Soleure	Soleure	Soletta
St. Gallen; St Gall	Saint-Gall	San Gallo
Thurgau; Thurgovia	Thurgovie	Turgovia
Ticino; Tessin	Tessin	Ticino
Uri	Uri	Uri
Valais; Wallis	Valais	Vallese
Vaud	Vaud	Vaud
Zug; Zoug	Zoug	Zugo
Zürich; Zurich	Zurich	Zurigo

Admission of new cantons

Main article: Territorial evolution of Switzerland

The enlargement of Switzerland by way of the admission of new cantons ended in 1815. The latest formal attempt considered by Switzerland was in 1919 from Vorarlberg but subsequently rejected. A few representatives submitted in 2010 a parliamentary motion to consider enlargement although it was widely seen as anti-EU rhetoric rather than a serious proposal. The motion was eventually dropped and not even examined by the parliament.

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

. Cited as Ehrenzeller.
Cited as Häfelin.

References

"Chronology". The Swiss Federal Administration.
{{HDS. 26414. Kantone. Andreas Kley. (13 April 2016 "{{lang). de. Die Bündnispartner der frühen Eidgenossenschaft wurden im 14. Jh. meist als Städte und Länder, ab der 1. Hälfte des 15. Jh. immer mehr als Orte bezeichnet."
{{HDS. 7399. Jura (canton). François Schifferdecker, François Kohler. (20 July 2015)
''Comptes Trés.'' 129, ''Archives nat. ds Pat. Suisse rom.'', cited after [http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/canton TFLi].
{{lang. de. "So werden die Cantons der Schweizer daselbst nur Orte, oder Ortschaften genannt. Das gleichbedeutende Canton stammet auf ähnliche Art von Kante, Ecke, ab, wie Ort von Ort, Ecke." [[Johann Christoph Adelung]], Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart (1774–1786), s.v. "Der Ort". Old French {{lang. fro. [[:wikt:canton#French. canton]] 'corner, angle' is a loan from [[Occitan language. Occitan]], first recorded in the 13th century, in Occitan adopted from [[Gallo-Italic languages. North Italian]] {{lang. it. cantone, where the sense "portion of territory" alongside "edge, corner" developed from by the early 11th century ([http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/canton TFLi]).
English use of ''[[:wikt:canton. canton]]'' in reference to the Swiss Confederacy (as opposed to the [[Canton (heraldry). heraldic sense]]) dates to the early 17th century.[[etymonline.com]]: "1530s, 'corner, angle,' [...] From 1570s as a term in heraldry and flag descriptions. From c. 1600 as 'a subdivision of a country;' applied to the sovereign states of the Swiss republic from the 1610s."
HLS: Als franz. Entsprechung zu Ort fand der Begriff canton (Winkel, Landschaft, Ort) zuerst in der Westschweiz Verwendung; ab 1475 ist er in Freiburger Akten überliefert. Die Bezeichnung der eidg. Orte als K. verbreitete sich ab den 1490er Jahren im franz. und ital. Sprachgebiet und bald auch in andern Teilen Europas. Im deutschsprachigen Raum dagegen erscheint er erst ab 1650, ohne sich gegen die bevorzugten Begriffe Ort und Stand durchzusetzen.
"Constitution du Canton du Valais". Swiss Federal Council.
"Constitution du canton de Vaud". Swiss Federal Council.
"Costituzione della Repubblica e Cantone del Ticino, del 4 luglio 1830". Swiss Federal Council.
{{cite EB1911
Jackson Spielvogel, ''Western Civilization: Volume I: To 1715'', (Cengage 2008), p. 386.
Official and updated [https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Swiss Federal Constitution] {{Webarchive. link. (21 June 2016 (English))
{{HDS. 26414. Cantons, In the Federal State since 1848
link. (19 December 2008 with links to each cantonal government, accessed 11 November 2008)
(2011). "Regional Portraits: Cantons". Swiss Federal Statistical Office.
Federal Statistical Office. (12 November 2019). "Cantonal gross domestic product (GDP)".
Federal Statistical Office. "Cantonal gross domestic product (GDP) per capita".
Swiss Federal Statistical Office. "Gemeinden - Suche {{!}} Applikation der Schweizer Gemeinden".
[https://www.zg.ch/behoerden/direktion-des-innern/kantonales-sozialamt/generationen-und-gesellschaft/integration/8-informationen-fuer-migrantinnen-und-migranten/download/DI-NZZ-en-WEB.pdf Welcome to the canton of Zug] Official document published by the canton of Zug government (PDF)
''Bhagwan'' and ''Bhushan'' (2009) World Constitutions - A Comparative Study - Ninth Edition (page 311)
[http://www.verfassungen.de/ch/verf74-i.htm Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft vom 29. Mai 1874], [http://www.verfassungen.de/ch/verf48.htm Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft vom 12. September 1848] {{in lang. de; author's translation.
{{cite swiss law. (18 April 1999)
Felix Hafner / Rainer J. Schweizer in ''Ehrenzeller'', Art. 1 N 2; Häfelin, N 966.
Felix Hafner / Rainer J. Schweizer in ''Ehrenzeller'', Art. 1 N 10; Häfelin, N 963
Swissmint, [https://www.swissmint.ch/d/downloads/dokumentation/numis_beri/Dominus.pdf Sterne auf Schweizer Münzen] (2008), p. 4.
link. (30 August 2009 août 1291] sur Admin.ch "vallée inférieure d'Unterwald" signifie Nidwald.)
[http://hypo.ge.ch/www/cliotexte//html/suisse.histoire.1291.html Pacte fédéral du 1er août 1291] {{Webarchive. link. (27 September 2007 sur Cliotexte)
[http://hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F7389-1-10.php Réforme catholique, Contre-Réforme et scission] {{Webarchive. link. (20 July 2011 Article du dictionnaire historique de la Suisse)
Häfelin, N 963, 967
[https://books.google.com/books?id=-S1fHJiawHUC&dq=%22half-cantons%22&pg=PA120 ''Swiss Constitutional Law''], Thomas Fleiner, Alexander Misic, Nicole Töpperwien, Kluwer Law International B.V., 2005, page 120
Häfelin, N 950
Bassand, Michel. (1975). "The Jura Problem". Sage Publications.
Renz, Fabian. (11 June 2010). "SVP will der Schweiz Nachbargebiete einverleiben". [[Tages-Anzeiger]].
Baettig, Dominique. (18 March 2010). "Pour une intégration facilitée de régions limitrophes en qualité de nouveaux cantons suisses".

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