Candidates Tournament

Precursors

Before 1950, the champion had the right to handpick a challenger. However, a number of tournaments acted as de facto candidates tournaments:

• The London 1883 chess tournament established Johannes Zukertort and Wilhelm Steinitz as the best two players in the world, and was one of the important events leading to the first official world championship match between the two, in 1886. Steinitz won, making him the first official world champion.
• The Saint Petersburg 1895–96 chess tournament, in which world champion Emanuel Lasker finished first and Steinitz finished second, led to Steinitz gaining support for an 1897 rematch, which Lasker won.
• The AVRO 1938 chess tournament was held partly to choose a challenger for Alexander Alekhine. Paul Keres won on tie-breaks, but World War II prevented the match from happening.

Organization

The number of players in the tournament varied over the years, between eight and fifteen players. Most of these qualified from Interzonal tournaments, though some gained direct entry without having to play the Interzonal.

The first Interzonal/Candidates World Championship cycle began in 1948. Before 1965, the tournament was organized in a round-robin format. From 1965 on, the tournament was played as knockout matches, spread over several months. In 1995–1996, the defending FIDE champion (Anatoly Karpov) also entered the Candidates, in the third round (Candidates final).

During its 1993 to 2006 split from FIDE, the "Classical" World Championship also held three Candidates Tournaments (in 1994–1995, 1998 and 2002) under a different sponsor and a different format each time. In one of these cases (Alexei Shirov in 1998) no title match eventuated, under disputed circumstances (see Classical World Chess Championship 2000).

After the reunification of titles in 2006, FIDE tried different Candidates formats in 2007, 2009 and 2011, before settling on an 8 player, double round robin Candidates tournament from 2013 onwards.

Results of Candidates Tournaments

The tables below show the qualifiers and results for all interzonal, Candidates and world championship tournaments.

• Players shown bracketed in italics (Bondarevsky, Euwe, Fine and Reshevsky in 1950, Botvinnik in 1965, Fischer in 1977, Carlsen in 2011 and 2024, and Radjabov in 2020) qualified for the Candidates or were seeded in the Candidates, but did not play.
• Players shown in italics with an asterisk (Stein* in 1962 and again in 1965, and Bronstein* in 1965) were excluded from the Candidates by a rule limiting the number of players from one country.
• Karjakin* in 2022 was disqualified by FIDE after his qualification for the Candidates: the FIDE Ethics and Disciplinary Commission ruled that he breached Article 2.2.10 of the FIDE Code of Ethics after he made public comments approving of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. He is shown bracketed, in italics, and with an asterisk.
• Players listed after players in italics (Flohr in 1950, Benko in 1962, Geller, Ivkov and Portisch in 1965, Spassky in 1977, Grischuk in 2011, Vachier-Lagrave in 2020, Ding in 2022, and Abasov in 2024) only qualified due to the non-participation (withdrawal) of the bracketed players or players with an asterisk.
• Incumbent champions' names are struck through when they refused to defend their title (Fischer in 1975 and Carlsen in 2023).

Normally, the incumbent champion is seeded directly into the final against the challenger (who had to pass through the Candidates qualification), but there have been exceptions:

• The World Chess Championship 1948, in which five players were seeded into the championship tournament (the previous champion, Alexander Alekhine, having died in 1946). A sixth player, Fine, was also seeded into the championship tournament but chose not to play; he is shown in brackets.
• The FIDE World Chess Championship 1996, in which the FIDE World Champion Anatoly Karpov was seeded in the Candidates final.
• The Classical World Chess Championship 2000, in which two players were seeded into the championship final (one of them being incumbent champion Kasparov), and there were no previous qualifying stages. In this way, it resembled the pre-1946 events, in which the champion could handpick a challenger.
• The FIDE championships of 1999–2004 (during the split-title period), in which the incumbent champion had no special privileges.
• The FIDE World Chess Championship 2005, in which eight players (including incumbent FIDE champion Kasimdzhanov) were seeded into the final championship tournament.
• The FIDE World Chess Championship 2007, in which four players (including incumbent champion Kramnik) were seeded into the final championship tournament. The incumbent champion Bobby Fischer refused to defend his title at the World Chess Championship 1975, and his challenger Anatoly Karpov won by forfeit. (At the time, the Candidates was a knock-out event, so the 1974 Karpov–Korchnoi Candidates final match – a best of 24 games, like world championships in the period 1951–1972 and 1985–1993 – arguably became a de facto world championship in retrospect.) Magnus Carlsen refused to defend his title at the World Chess Championship 2023 and was replaced by the runner-up of the Candidates Tournament, Ding Liren.

Interzonal and Candidates tournaments (1948–1996)

Split titles (1997–2005)

After 1996, interzonals ceased to exist, but FIDE continued to organize qualifying zonal tournaments.

Reunified title (since 2006)

After the reunification of the FIDE and "classical" titles, the Chess World Cup and FIDE Grand Prix series were introduced as qualification for the Candidates Tournament. The Swiss-system FIDE Grand Swiss was introduced in the latter half of 2019, acting as another qualification path for the 2020 Candidates Tournament.

Notes

References

• FIDE World Championship events 1948-1990, Mark Weeks' chess pages
• World Championship events 1991-present, Mark Weeks' chess pages
• World Championships pages , Rybka Chess Community Forum

References

1. "FIDE Stops the Candidates Tournament".
2. [https://www.fide.com/news/952 FIDE resumes the Candidates Tournament], [[FIDE]], February 16, 2021
3. [https://twitter.com/EmilSutovsky/status/1387428085625143296 Emilchess on Twitter], [[Twitter]], April 28, 2021
4. [[Israel Horowitz]], ''From Morphy to Fischer'', Batsford, 1973, page 52
5. [[Israel Horowitz]], ''From Morphy to Fischer'', Batsford, 1973, page 116
6. Bondarevsky was replaced in Candidates tournament because of illness
7. from previous Candidates
8. from [[World Chess Championship 1948. 1948 Championship]]
9. [[Bled]], [[Zagreb]], [[Beograd]]
10. In the play-off, Stein finished first before Benko, and Gligorić third. Stein was eliminated because only three Soviet players could qualify from the interzonal to the candidates tournament.
11. after playoff match against Geller
12. Portisch beat Reshevsky in play-off.
13. Hort and Stein were eliminated having a worse Berger tie-break ([[Neustadtl score]]), the play-off had ended with all players having 4 / 8.
14. Geller eliminated after play-off
15. Tal eliminated after play-off
16. Ribli eliminated after playoff
17. Van Der Wiel and Torre eliminated after playoff
18. chosen by the organizating federation
19. Timman eliminated Tal in play-off
20. Gavrikov eliminated after playoff
21. Nunn eliminated after Playoff
22. [[Zwolle]] (games 1-3) / [[Arnhem]] (games 4-6) / [[Amsterdam]] (games 7-12)
23. (games 13-21)
24. Epichine, Lputian, Shirov, Ivanchuk and I. Sokolov were eliminated by the tie-break (sum of the opponents Elo ratings).
25. ''Anand'', as a participant in the FIDE world championship cycle, believed he was contractually obligated to not participate in a rival cycle.
26. Negotiations for a 1999 match with ''Shirov'' or ''Anand'' failed, as did negotiations in 2000, with Anand expressing dissatisfaction with the contract.
27. ''Kasparov'' declined the invitation, as did ''Anand'' and other players engaged in the FIDE championship.
28. Top seed ''[[Vladimir Kramnik. Kramnik]]'' refused to participate on the grounds that 1996 FIDE champion Karpov's direct entry into the final was unacceptable;
    1995 classical champion ''[[Garry Kasparov. Kasparov]]'', 1996 finalist ''[[Gata Kamsky. Kamsky]]'' and 1996 Women champion ''[[Susan Polgar]]'' refused in advance to participate.
29. Topalov, Ivanchuk, Beliavsky, Salov, Bareev, Georgiev, J. Polgar, Sadler, Akopian, Lautier were eliminated
30. 1998 FIDE champion ''Karpov'', 1998 FIDE finalist ''Anand'' (Anand was negotiating to play a match against Kasparov for his title) and 1995 classical champion ''Kasparov'' refused to participate
31. 1998 classical championship candidates Shirov and Kramnik were eliminated by Nisipeanu and Adams in quarterfinals.
32. Classical champions ''Kasparov'', ''Kramnik'' and 1998 FIDE champion ''Karpov'' didn't participate
33. Morozevich, Leko, Krasenkov, Kasimdzhanov, Svidler, Gelfand, Short, Smirin, Dreev, Azmaiparashvili, Rublevsky, Almasi, Xu Jun, Gurevich were eliminated
34. Classical champions ''Kramnik'' and ''Kasparov'' didn't participate. All other strongest players of the world took part, including former winners of the FIDE World Championship Anand, Khalifman (eliminated in third round) and Karpov (eliminated in first round).
35. Reunification Match with Kasparov never took place
36. ''Kasparov, Anand, Kramnik, Svidler, Shirov, Ponomariov, [[Peter Leko. Leko]], [[Judit Polgár. J. Polgár]], [[Boris Gelfand. Gelfand]], [[Evgeny Bareev. Bareev]], Karpov'' and Israeli players refused to participate, [[Alexander Morozevich. Morozevich]] was absent before the first round
37. Ivanchuk, Short, Malakhov, Nisipeanu, Sokolov, Dreev, Akopian, Bacrot, Gurevich, Rublevsky, were eliminated
38. ''Kramnik'' (as classical 2004 finalist) declined the invitation
39. ''Kasparov'' had retired from competition. Kramnik and Kasparov were replaced by J. Polgar and Svidler on rating.
40. (19 February 2019). "FIDE Grand Swiss update (archive)". FIDE.
41. Bacrot was qualified on rating
42. Aronian beat A.Shirov ; Leko beat Bareev ; Grischuk beat Rublevsky ; Gelfand beat Kamsky
43. ''Topalov'' was replaced by Kramnik (2006 Champion)
44. Grischuk, third of FIDE Grand Prix, replaced Carlsen after he withdrew.
45. 2009 candidate, loser of the [[World Chess Championship 2010#Challenger Match. 2009 Challenger Match]]
46. 2010 finalist, loser of 2010 World Chess Championship match
47. [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6543 FIDE to move Candidates Matches, Topalov threatens boycott]
48. Nominee of the organizing committee.
49. [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7000 chessbase.com]; Pairings for Candidates Matches are released
50. Loser of the 2012 World Championship match
51. Top three rated players not already qualified
52. [http://www.chessintranslation.com/2011/02/ilya-levitov-on-the-collapse-of-the-london-match/ Levitov announces FIDE plans for Candidates Tournament in the 2014 World Championship cycle]
53. Loser of the 2013 World Championship match
54. Top two rated players not already qualified
55. [http://www.fide.com/index.php?option=com_fidecalendar&view=fidecalendar&ny=2014 FIDE Calendar 2014]
56. "FIDE announces dates for world chess championship cycles".
57. Loser of the 2014 World Championship match
58. "World Chess Candidates Tournament (FIDE)".
59. Loser of the 2016 World Championship match
60. [http://en.chessbase.com/post/kramnik-to-play-2018-candidates Kramnik to play 2018 Candidates]
61. "World Chess London".
62. Loser of the 2018 World Championship match
63. Loser of the 2021 World Championship match
64. Carlsen refused to defend his title.
65. . (19 January 2023). ["Astana to host FIDE World Championship match 2023"](https://fide.com/news/2180). *FIDE*.
66. [[Candidates Tournament 2022#Disqualification of Karjakin. Disqualified by FIDE]]
67. "FIDE reforms the qualifications paths to the Candidates Tournament".
68. Loser of the 2023 World Championship match
69. (27 March 2023). "FIDE Candidates and Women's Candidates 2024 to be Held in Toronto".
70. Caruana qualified from the World Cup, so Gukesh qualified as the top player in the FIDE Circuit not already qualified
71. "Changes to qualification paths for the Candidates Tournament".