Canberra-class landing helicopter dock

Planning and selection

Planning to replace the landing platform amphibious ships and , and the heavy landing ship began as early as 2000, with the intention announced in the Defence 2000: Our Future Defence Force white paper. The importance of amphibious warfare had been demonstrated during Australia's leadership of the International Force for East Timor peacekeeping operation: the difficulty in supporting an expeditionary force to one of Australia's nearest neighbours demonstrated the need for an improved amphibious sealift capability. The ships were originally to replace one of the Kanimbla-class ships and Tobruk, with the other Kanimbla-class ship later replaced by a strategic sealift ship.

In January 2006, the Australian government announced the names for the planned ships: and . After the announcement, suggestions for alternate names were expressed in several venues. The Navy League of Australia proposed that Adelaide should instead be named Australia; using the name of the nation and its capital for the RAN's two most powerful ships, as had been the case with the navy's two World War II-era County-class cruisers, while freeing the name up for the League's proposed fourth Hobart-class destroyer. Alternately, a member of the Australian Naval Institute opined that the ships should be named Gallipoli and Guadalcanal; the first reflecting the landings at Gallipoli, one of the first amphibious operations of the modern era, the second recognising the amphibious campaign to recapture Guadalcanal and the efforts of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps in aiding Australia during World War II.

A Request For Information and invitation for tenders was sent to two European shipbuilders in February 2004; French company Direction des Constructions Navales (DCN) and Spanish company Navantia. Shipbuilders from the United States were not included, as American amphibious warfare ships were too large for Australian requirements, and were either too personnel-intensive or could not operate the number of helicopters required. DCN responded with an enlarged version of the ; 2000 t greater displacement than the 22000 t vessels active with the French Navy. A design being built by Navantia for the Spanish Navy, the "Buque de Proyección Estratégica" (Strategic Projection Ship, later commissioned as ) was offered by the Spanish, partnering with Australian company Tenix Defence. Although an unproven design, the Spanish offer was closer to the RAN's requested requirements, and there were benefits from ordering the Canberras and the new air warfare destroyers from the same company.

At around the time the decision to purchase the ships was made, many defence analysts advocated for acquiring a larger number of smaller vessels on the grounds that this would be better suited to conditions in Australia's region. However, the Navy's Sea Power Centre argued that large amphibious vessels would provide greater flexibility.

Hugh White, a former leading defence planner for the Hawke and Howard Governments, ANU Professor and defence writer for the SMH, has long been a critic of the decision to acquire the Canberra-class ships. In 2004 he argued that the Australian Defence Force did not need the capacity to conduct a major opposed amphibious operation, as it was unlikely to ever be called upon to do so, and the money needed to purchase the vessels would be better spent on smaller amphibious ships and other defence capabilities. In 2016 White judged the ships to be a 'terrible and heroic, waste of money and nothing more than, 'big, fat... targets in the South China Sea'. which are too vulnerable for deployment in a serious crisis.

Design and capabilities

The Canberra-class vessels are 230.82 m long overall, with a maximum beam of 32 m, and a maximum draught of 7.08 m. Keeping the maximum draught low was an important factor during design, allowing the ships to operate in littoral waters and small harbours. At full load, each ship will displace 27500 t, making them the largest vessels to serve in the RAN. The Canberras have the same physical dimensions as Juan Carlos I, but differ in the design of the island superstructure and the internal layout, in order to meet Australian conditions and requirements. Unlike the Spanish vessel, the Australian ships are built to meet Lloyd's Naval Rules.

Propulsion is provided by two Siemens Navantia 11 MW azimuth thrusters, each with an onboard electric motor, driving two 4.5 m diameter propellers. The electricity is provided by a combined diesel and gas system, with a single General Electric LM2500 turbine producing 19160 kW, supported by two Navantia MAN 16V32/40 diesel generators providing 7448 kW. The main thrusters are supplemented by two 1500 kW bow thrusters, and a 1350 kW Progener-Mitsubishi S16MPTA diesel generator is fitted as an emergency backup. The vessels have a maximum speed of over 20 kn, a maximum sustainable full-load speed of 19 kn, and an economical cruising speed of 15 kn, with a corresponding range of 9000 nmi. The LHDs can maintain full directional control while reversing at up to 8 kn.

HMAS Canberra was reported to have completed a major maintenance period in the Captain Cook Graving Dock at Garden Island during which the propulsion pods were replaced including new 4 bladed propellers. At the time of reporting (March 2021) Canberra was preparing for sea trials and plans were being made for HMAS Adelaide to undergo similar maintenance.

Each ship is fitted with a Saab 9LV Mark 4 combat management system. Planned upgrades include the installation of up to three Phalanx CIWS from 2018. Defence against aircraft and larger targets is to be provided by escort vessels and air support from the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).

The LHDs are able to transport 1,046 soldiers and their equipment, and can carry 1,600 in overload conditions. The embarked force is called the Amphibious Ready Element Landing Force (ARE-LE) based on an infantry company of up to 220 soldiers. Army planners considered several options for forming an amphibious force including training a dedicated infantry battalion, training several battalions with battalion rotations or creating a brigade size force similar to the U.S. Marines MEU and Royal Marines 3 Commando Brigade structure. In December 2011, 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (2RAR) was selected to develop the initial amphibious capability with the Chief of Army stating that as the capability is developed a future model for the force will be decided. A special forces capability will be provided by the 2nd Commando Regiment with the potential in the future for elements of 2RAR to be trained in certain special forces skills. Two vehicle decks (one for light vehicles, the other for heavy vehicles and tanks) have areas of 1880 m2 and 1410 m2 respectively, and between them can accommodate up to 110 vehicles. Twelve were ordered from Navantia, which delivered them in batches of four during 2014 and 2015. Six LLC are assigned to each LHD, with the additional craft used for training and trials at shore bases, and rotated to their parent ship when embarked craft require maintenance. The well deck also has room for four rigid-hulled inflatable boats (although these will not be carried as standard), and can be used by other nations' landing craft and amphibious vehicles.

The flight deck is 202.3 by and sits at a height of 27.5 m, with six spots for helicopters up to MRH-90 size to operate simultaneously. The 990 m2 hangar deck can accommodate eight medium-size helicopters, and an additional ten can be carried if the light vehicle deck is used for additional helicopter space. Two aircraft lifts (one large one centre-aft, and a smaller one to starboard and in front of the island superstructure) connect the flight and hangar decks.

The ski-jump ramp of Juan Carlos I has been retained for the RAN ships, although is not intended for use. The retention of the ski-jump has prompted multiple recommendations that fixed-wing aircraft be operated from the ships (primarily envisaged as a flight group of F-35B Lightning II STOVL aircraft). The RAN has maintained that embarking Australian-operated, fixed-wing aircraft was not under consideration, although has conceded that cross-decking with other nations' aircraft could possibly occur. This assessment found that the cost of modifying the ships to operate jets would be very high, and the idea was rejected before the completion of the White Paper.

Opponents to operating F-35s from the Canberra class state that embarking enough aircraft to be an effective force would require abandoning their capability as amphibious warfare vessels, operating as an aircraft carrier would make the ships higher profile targets and need greater escorting forces, existing fuel and ordnance storage would not be able to sustain fixed-wing operations, structural modifications were needed to reinforce and heat-treat the flight deck to withstand F-35B vertical thrust, and the F-35B project itself has been the most expensive and most problematic of the three Joint Strike Fighter variants. Supporters counter that providing fixed-wing air support close to amphibious operations maximises aircraft capability, other nations are already working on solutions to structural and thrust problems for other Harrier-era ships, and the presence of a ski-jump makes the vessels already more suitable for STOVL operations than equivalent amphibious ships with flat flight decks.

Construction

Navantia was contracted to construct the hulls from 104 'blocks' or 'modules', which were fabricated individually at Navantia's facilities in Ferrol and Fene, then combined on the slipway at the Ferrol shipyard. The Canberras were built up to the flight deck, launched, then transported by Dockwise's heavy lift ship, , to Williamstown Dockyard, where the installation of the island superstructure and the internal fitout of the hull was completed by BAE Systems Australia (which acquired Tenix in mid-2008).

Construction of Canberra began in September 2008, when the first steel was cut. The hull was loaded onto the heavy lift ship Blue Marlin on 4 August 2012, with Blue Marlin departing Ferrol for Williamstown on 17 August, and arriving in Port Phillip on 17 October. Canberra commenced sea trials on 3 March 2014. Contractor-run sea trials concluded in early September, and Canberra was commissioned into the RAN on 28 November 2014.

Work on Adelaide began during February 2010, when the first steel was cut. Initially, the ship was due to reach Australia in early 2013 to begin final fitout, Blue Marlin and Adelaide arrived at Williamstown on 7 February 2014. Entry into RAN service was originally planned for mid-2015, but as of July 2011, this had been pushed back to sometime in 2016. After sea trials ended in October, Adelaide was commissioned on 4 December 2015. Although Canberra was identified as "LHD01" and Adelaide as "LHD02" during construction, the ships were commissioned with the pennant numbers LHD 02 and LHD 01 respectively. The reversal of the numbers causes the new ships' pennants to correspond to the s with the same names.

The early decommissioning of the two Kanimbla-class vessels in 2011, several years before Canberra-class ships would enter service, led to the acquisition of the landing ship dock and the support vessel . The latter was only intended as a stop-gap acquisition, and in mid-2014, Ocean Shield was transferred to the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service.

Ships

Basing arrangements

The two LHDs are officially home-ported at Fleet Base East in Sydney. Robertson was commanding officer of the carrier at the time of the Melbourne–Voyager collision in 1964, and was widely seen to be a scapegoat after the first Royal Commission found him to be at fault.

Basing the two ships at Fleet Base East prompted complaints, including a short lived unsuccessful public campaign to have the ships based elsewhere from nearby residents in Potts Point and Woolloomooloo. Issues raised include exhaust fumes and noise pollution from the ships' generators and machinery running around-the-clock, and that the large ships block views of Sydney Harbour. To alleviate concerns, Defence began investigating options to relocate one or both ships to the northern portion of Garden Island, and has installed shore-powered air-conditioning units (allowing the ships' onboard generators to be shut down at night). Such units were, however, not installed or deemed a requirement; local residents' objections were considered either incorrect, such as the claim that the ships block views, or minor when compared to the decades-old Navy base as a whole, such as the objections raised about noise.

The ships regularly operate out of Townsville, the base of 2RAR. Naval vessels have been allocated 45 days of berthing per year. Defence also spent A$5.3 million to lease and develop a dedicated staging area for equipment and personnel within the Port of Townsville precinct.

References

Citations

Sources

Books

Journal articles and papers

News articles

Press releases

Websites

References

1. Engineering & Technology
2. Borgu, ''Capability of First Resort?'', p. 1
3. Minister for Defence]], [[Robert Hill (Australian politician). Robert Hill]], released a Defence Capability Review, which stated that two ships of at least {{convert. 20000. t [[displacement (ship)
4. Office of Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Defence, ''Projects of concern – Update''
5. Department of Defence, ''Next generation of naval ships to reflect a rich history of service''
6. ''Time to bring back the Pride'', in ''The Navy'', p. 2
7. Garai, ''Lets give the LHDs some names with meaning'', pp. 33–4
8. Borgu, ''Capability of First Resort?'', p. 6
9. Borgu, ''Capability of First Resort?'', pp. 5–6
10. Borgu, ''Capability of First Resort?'', p. 5
11. Brown, ''Spanish designs are Australia's choice for warship programmes''
12. Although {{convert. 4000
13. (25 March 2005). "Arming Australia". The Sydney Morning Herald.
14. (October 2007). "Amphibious Ships". Royal Australian Navy.
15. (12 June 2004). "Big ships: too costly, too cumbersome". The Sydney Morning Herald.
16. S.Morris. Shipping Forecast, Australia, in Monocle 91, March 2016, p 044
17. Royal Australian Navy, ''Amphibious Assault Ship (LHD)''
18. ''Amphibious Ships'', in ''Semaphore'', p. 2
19. Defence News ''Huge maintenance task a first''
20. The sensor suite includes a [[GIRAFFE Radar#Variants. Rafael Typhoon {{convert. 25. mm. in. 1 remote weapons systems]] (one in each corner of the flight deck), six {{convert. 12.7. mm. in
21. Kerr, Julian. (5 July 2016). "Australian LHDs to be armed with latest-configuration Phalanx CIWS". [[Jane's Information Group]].
22. The ships' companies consist of 358 personnel; 293 RAN, 62 Australian Army, and 3 RAAF.Kerr, ''Amphibious Ambitions''
23. McPhedran, ''Inside HMAS Canberra''
24. Rahmat, ''Navantia launches Australia's last LHD landing craft''
25. Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs Defence and Trade, ''Australia's Maritime Strategy'', p. 95
26. Gillis, ''Interview. Landing Helicopter Dock Project – Canberra Class'', p. 29
27. Butterly, ''Jump jets on Defence radar''
28. Kerin, ''PM's floating fighter jet plan quietly sunk by Defence''
29. Brabin-Smith & Schreer, ''Jump jets for the ADF?''
30. ''Johnston raises possibility of acquiring F-35Bs'', in ''Australian Aviation''
31. George, ''LHD and STOVL: an engineer's view''
32. Fish, ''Amphibious assault ships''
33. Fish, ''First Australian LHD takes shape''
34. Fish, ''Australia awaits new LHDs for amphibious uplift''
35. The first three blocks were laid down on 23 September 2010. She was launched on 17 February 2011.Department of Defence, ''LHD launch paves the way for amphibious transformation''
36. Cavas, ''Australia's Largest Ship Launched''
37. ''Navantia efectúa con éxito el 'encaje' del 'Canberra''', in ''Laopinióncoruña''
38. ''El "Blue Marlin", abandonando el puerto exterior de A Coruña'', in ''La voz de Galicia''
39. ''Huge Navy ship hull arrives in Victoria'', in ''ABC News''
40. Kennedy, ''Canberra's size and power tested at sea trials''
41. Aussie carriers at sea ''[[Ships Monthly]]'' March 2014 page 15
42. Kennedy, ''Canberra sea trials a success''
43. ABC News, ''HMAS Canberra enters commission into Australian Navy at Sydney ceremony''
44. ''Adelaide LHD hull arrives in Melbourne'', in ''Australian Aviation''
45. Staples, ''HMAS Adelaide enters service''
46. ''On the way to Australia'', in ''[[Navy News (Australia). Navy News]]''
47. Fish, ''Steel cut for second Australian LHD''
48. ABC News, ''HMAS Choules commissioned in honour of veteran''
49. Offices of the Minister for Defence and Minister for Defence Materiel, ''Ocean Shield the Navy's newest humanitarian and disaster relief vessel''
50. Ellery, ''Defence buys boat bound for Customs''
51. Saunders & Philpott (eds.), ''IHS Jane's Fighting Ships'' 2015-2016, p. 39
52. On 4 December 2015, the support centre for the class at [[Garden Island, New South Wales
53. Hansen, ''Residents fume as HMAS Canberra blocks their view, keeps them awake and now there's another one on the way''
54. Hansen, ''$1.5 billion navy vessel NUSHIP Adelaide docks for indefinite stay in Sydney beside HMAS Canberra''
55. Carter, ''Townsville's Berth 10 opens''
56. Raggat, ''Townsville port's cruise terminal one of its busiest wharves''