Cambridgeshire

History

Main article: History of Cambridgeshire

Cambridgeshire is noted as the site of Flag Fen in Fengate, one of the earliest-known Neolithic permanent settlements in the United Kingdom, compared in importance to Balbridie in Aberdeen, Scotland. Must Farm quarry, at Whittlesey, has been described as "Britain's Pompeii due to its relatively good condition, including the 'best-preserved Bronze Age dwellings ever found in the UK'". A great quantity of archaeological finds from the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age were made in East Cambridgeshire. Most items were found in Isleham.

The area was settled by the Anglo-Saxons starting in the fifth century. Genetic testing on seven skeletons found in Anglo-Saxon era graves in Hinxton and Oakington found that five were either migrants or descended from migrants from the continent, one was a native Briton, and one had both continental and native ancestry, suggesting intermarriage.

Cambridgeshire was recorded in the Domesday Book as "Grantbridgeshire" (or rather Grentebriġesċīre) (related to the river Granta). Covering a large part of East Anglia, Cambridgeshire today is the result of several local government unifications. In 1888 when county councils were introduced, separate councils were set up, following the traditional division of Cambridgeshire, for

• the area in the south around Cambridge, and
• the liberty of the Isle of Ely. In 1965, these two administrative counties were merged to form Cambridgeshire and the Isle of Ely. Under the Local Government Act 1972 this merged with the county to the west, Huntingdon and Peterborough, which had been formed in 1965, by the merger of Huntingdonshire with the Soke of Peterborough (the latter previously a part of Northamptonshire with its own county council). The resulting county was called simply Cambridgeshire.

Since 1998, the City of Peterborough has been separately administered as a unitary authority area. It is associated with Cambridgeshire for ceremonial purposes such as Lieutenancy and joint functions such as policing and the fire service.

In 2002, the conservation charity Plantlife unofficially designated Cambridgeshire's county flower as the Pasqueflower.

The Cambridgeshire Regiment (nicknamed the Fen Tigers), the county-based army unit, fought in the Boer War in South Africa, the First World War and Second World War.

Due to the county's flat terrain and proximity to the continent, during the Second World War the military built many airfields here for RAF Bomber Command, RAF Fighter Command, and the allies USAAF. In recognition of this collaboration, the Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial is located in Madingley. It is the only WWII burial ground in England for American servicemen who died during that event.

Most English counties have nicknames for their people, such as a "Tyke" from Yorkshire and a "Yellowbelly" from Lincolnshire. The historical nicknames for people from Cambridgeshire are "Cambridgeshire Camel" or "Cambridgeshire Crane", the latter referring to the wildfowl that were once abundant in the Fens. The term "Fen Tigers" is sometimes used to describe the people who live and work in the Fens.

Flag

Main article: Flag of Cambridgeshire

Cambridgeshire's county flag was selected as an entry from a design competition that ran during 2014. The design features three golden crowns, two on the top, one on the bottom that are separated by two wavy lines in the middle. The crowns are meant to represent East Anglia, and the two lines represent the River Cam and are in the Cambridge University's colours.

Geography

: See also Geology of Cambridgeshire

Large areas of the county are extremely low-lying and Holme Fen is notable for being the UK's lowest physical point at 2.75 m (9 ft) below sea level. The highest point of the modern administrative county is in the village of Great Chishill at 146 m (480 ft) above sea level. However, this parish was historically a part of Essex, having been moved to Cambridgeshire in boundary changes in 1895. The historic county top is close to the village of Castle Camps where a point on the disused RAF airfield reaches a height of 128 metre above sea level (grid reference TL 63282 41881).

Other prominent hills are Little Trees Hill and Wandlebury Hill (both at 74 m) in the Gog Magog Hills, Rivey Hill above Linton, Rowley's Hill and the Madingley Hills.

Wicken Fen is a 254.5 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Wicken. A large part of it is owned and managed by the National Trust.

The Cambridge Green Belt around the city of Cambridge extends to places such as Waterbeach, Lode, Duxford, Little & Great Abington and other communities a few miles away in nearby districts, to afford a protection from the conurbation. It was first drawn up in the 1950s.

Politics

Cambridgeshire County Council is controlled by the Liberal Democrats, while Peterborough City Council is currently controlled by a Conservative Party minority administration.

The county contains eight Parliamentary constituencies:

Economy

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Cambridgeshire at current basic prices.

AWG plc is based in Huntingdon. The RAF has several stations in the Huntingdon and St Ives area. RAF Alconbury, three miles north of Huntingdon, is being reorganised after a period of obsolescence following the departure of the USAF, to be the focus of RAF/USAFE intelligence operations, with activities at Upwood and Molesworth being transferred there. Most of Cambridgeshire is agricultural. Close to Cambridge is the so-called Silicon Fen area of high-technology (electronics, computing and biotechnology) companies. ARM Limited is based in Cherry Hinton. The inland Port of Wisbech on the River Nene is the county's only remaining port.

Education

Primary and secondary

Main article: List of schools in Cambridgeshire

Cambridgeshire has a comprehensive education system with over 240 state schools, not including sixth form colleges. The independent sector includes King's Ely and Wisbech Grammar School, founded in 970 and 1379 respectively, they are two of the oldest schools in the country.

Some of the secondary schools act as Village Colleges, institutions unique to Cambridgeshire. For example, Comberton Village College.

Tertiary

Cambridgeshire is home to a number of institutes of higher education:

• The University of Cambridge – second-oldest university in the English-speaking world, and regarded as one of the most prestigious academic institutions in the world
• Anglia Ruskin University – has campuses located in Cambridge and Peterborough and a base at Fulbourn
• The Open University – has a regional centre located in Cambridge
• The University Centre Peterborough – operated by Anglia Ruskin University and Peterborough Regional College, located in Peterborough
• The College of West Anglia has a campus at Milton, on the northern outskirts of Cambridge and a campus at Wisbech.

In addition, Cambridge Regional College and Huntingdonshire Regional College both offer a limited range of higher education courses in conjunction with partner universities.

Settlements

Main article: Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire, List of Cambridgeshire settlements by population

These are the settlements in Cambridgeshire with a town charter, city status or a population over 5,000; for a complete list of settlements see list of places in Cambridgeshire.

• Burwell
• Cambourne
• Cambridge
• Chatteris
• Cottenham
• Ely
• Godmanchester
• Huntingdon
• Littleport
• March
• Peterborough
• Ramsey
• Sawston
• Sawtry
• Soham
• St Ives
• St Neots
• Wisbech
• Whittlesey
• Yaxley See the List of Cambridgeshire settlements by population page for more detail.

The town of Newmarket is surrounded on three sides by Cambridgeshire, being connected by a narrow strip of land to the rest of Suffolk.

Cambridgeshire has seen 32,869 dwellings created from 2002 to 2013 and there are a further 35,360 planned new dwellings between 2016 and 2023.

Climate

Cambridgeshire has a maritime temperate climate which is broadly similar to the rest of the United Kingdom, though it is drier than the UK average due to its low altitude and easterly location, the prevailing southwesterly winds having already deposited moisture on higher ground further west. Average winter temperatures are cooler than the English average, due to Cambridgeshire's inland location and relative nearness to continental Europe, which results in the moderating maritime influence being less strong. Snowfall is slightly more common than in western areas, due to the relative winter coolness and easterly winds bringing occasional snow from the North Sea. In summer temperatures are average or slightly above, due to less cloud cover. It reaches 25 °C on around ten days each year, and is comparable to parts of Kent and East Anglia.

Culture

Sports

Various forms of football have been popular in Cambridgeshire since medieval times at least. In 1579 one match played at Chesterton between townspeople and University of Cambridge students ended in a violent brawl that led the Vice-Chancellor to issue a decree forbidding them to play "footeball" outside of college grounds. During the nineteenth century, several formulations of the laws of football, known as the Cambridge rules, were created by students at the university. One of these codes, dating from 1863, had a significant influence on the creation of the original laws of the Football Association.

Cambridgeshire is also the birthplace of bandy, now an IOC accepted sport. According to documents from 1813, Bury Fen Bandy Club was undefeated for 100 years. A member of the club, Charles Goodman Tebbutt, wrote down the first official rules in 1882. Tebbutt was instrumental in spreading the sport to many countries. Great Britain Bandy Association is based in Cambridgeshire.

Fen skating is a traditional form of skating in the Fenland. The National Ice Skating Association was set up in Cambridge in 1879, they took the top Fen skaters to the world speedskating championships where James Smart (skater) became world champion.

On 6–7 June 2015, the inaugural Tour of Cambridgeshire cycle race took place on closed roads across the county. The event was an official UCI qualification event, and consisted of a Time Trial on the 6th, and a Gran Fondo event on the 7th. The Gran Fondo event was open to the public, and over 6000 riders took part in the 128 km race.

The River Cam is the main river flowing through Cambridge, parts of the River Nene and River Great Ouse lie within the county. In 2021 the latter was used as the course for The Boat Race. The River Cam serves as the course for the university Lent Bumps and May Bumps and the non-college rowing organised by Cambridgeshire Rowing Association.

There is only one racecourse in Cambridgeshire, located at Huntingdon.

Contemporary art

Cambridge is home to the Kettle's Yard gallery and the artist-run Aid and Abet project space. Nine miles west of Cambridge next to the village of Bourn is Wysing Arts Centre. Wisbech has been home to the Wisbech Gallery, South Brink since 2023. Cambridge Open Studios is the region's large arts organisation with over 500 members. Every year, more than 370 artists open their doors to visitors during four weekends in July.

Literature

The annual Fenland Poet Laureate awards were instigated for poets in the North of the county in 2012 at Wisbech & Fenland Museum.

Theatre

The county was visited by travelling companies of comedians in the Georgian period. These came from different companies. The Lincoln Circuit included, at various times, Wisbech and Whittlesey. The Wisbech Georgian theatre still survives as an operating theatre now known as The Angles Theatre. In Cambridge the ADC Theatre is the venue for the Footlights.

Media

The county is covered by BBC East and ITV Anglia. Local radio includes BBC Radio Cambridgeshire, Greatest Hits Radio East, Heart East, Smooth East Midlands (only covering Peterborough), and Star Radio. The community radio stations are Black Cat Radio in St Neots; Cam FM and Cambridge 105 in Cambridge; Huntingdon Community Radio; and Peterborough Community Radio and Salaam Radio in Peterborough.

Places of interest

• Angles Theatre
• Anglesey Abbey [[File:NTE icon.svg|National Trust]] [[File:AP Icon.svg|16px]]
• Brampton Wood
• Buckden Towers [[File:HH icon.svg|Historic house]]
• Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial
• Cambridge University Museum of Zoology
• Castor Hanglands NNR
• Cherry Hinton Chalk Pits
• Denny Abbey [[File:AP Icon.svg|16px]]
• Devil's Dyke
• Down Field Windmill
• Duxford Chapel [[File:EH icon.svg|English Heritage]]
• Duxford Airfield
• Elton Hall [[File:HH icon.svg|Historic house]]
• Ely Cathedral [[File:AP Icon.svg|16px]]
• Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
• Flag Fen
• Fowlmere RSPB reserve
• Gamsey Wood Nature Reserve
• Grafham Water Nature Reserve
• Great Gransden Post Mill
• Hereward Way
• Hinchingbrooke House [[File:HH icon.svg|Historic house]]
• Houghton Mill [[File:NTE icon.svg|National Trust]]
• Icknield Way
• Imperial War Museum Duxford [[File:Museum icon (red).svg|Museum paid admission]]
• Kettle's Yard
• Kimbolton Castle [[File:HH icon.svg|Historic house]]
• King's College, Cambridge
• Lattersey Nature Reserve
• Lode Watermill [[File:NTE icon.svg|National Trust]]
• Longthorpe Tower
• Magog Down
• March & District Museum
• Milton Country Park [[File:CP icon.svg|Country Park]]
• Nene Park [[File:CP icon.svg|Country Park]]
• Nene Valley Railway [[File:HR icon.svg|Heritage railway]]
• Nene Way
• New Bedford River
• Octavia Hill Birthplace House [[File:HH icon.svg|Historic house]]
• Old Bedford River
• Oliver Cromwell's House
• Ouse Valley Way
• Ouse Washes
• Parker's Piece, Cambridge, birthplace of modern football
• Paxton Pits Nature Reserve
• Peckover House & Garden [[File:NTE icon.svg|National Trust]]
• Peterborough Cathedral [[File:AP Icon.svg|16px]]
• Port of Wisbech
• Prickwillow Drainage Engine Museum [[File:Museum icon (red).svg|Museum paid admission]]
• Ramsey Abbey [[File:NTE icon.svg|National Trust]]
• River Cam
• River Great Ouse
• River Nene
• Round Church, Cambridge
• RSPB Nene Washes
• RSPB Ouse Washes
• Stretham Old Engine [[File:Museum icon (red).svg|Museum paid admission]]
• Three Shires Bridleway
• University of Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
• Wandlebury Country Park [[File:CP icon.svg|Country Park]]
• Wicken Fen [[File:NTE icon.svg|National Trust]]
• Wimpole Hall [[File:NTE icon.svg|National Trust]]
• Wisbech Castle [[File:HH icon.svg|Historic house]]
• Wisbech & Fenland Museum
• Wisbech and March Bramley Line [[File:HR icon.svg|Heritage railway]]
• WWT Welney
• Wysing Arts Centre

Notable people from Cambridgeshire

Main article: People from Cambridgeshire

• Emma Bridgewater, founder of Emma Bridgewater
• Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), Roundhead commander in the English Civil War from 1642 to 1651, and Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1653 to 1658

Explanatory notes

References

Bibliography

References

1. "Lord Lieutenant". Cambridgeshire County Council.
2. {{cite EB1911
3. (September 2010). "The environmental and social context of the isleham hoard". The Antiquaries Journal.
4. Stephan Schiffels and Duncan Sayer, ''Investigating Anglo-Saxon migration history with ancient and modern DNA'' (2017)
5. The Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely Order 1964 (SI 1964/366), see [[Local Government Commission for England (1958 - 1967)]], ''Report and Proposals for the East Midlands General Review Area'' (Report No.3), 31 July 1961 and ''Report and Proposals for the Lincolnshire and East Anglia General Review Area'' (Report No.9), 7 May 1965.
6. [[wikisource:The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972. The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972]] (SI 1972/2039) Part 5: County of Cambridgeshire
7. [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/1878/made The Cambridgeshire (City of Peterborough) (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996] {{Webarchive. link. (10 July 2014 (SI 1996/1878), see [[Local Government Commission for England (1992)]], ''Final Recommendations for the Future Local Government of Cambridgeshire'', October 1994 and ''Final Recommendations on the Future Local Government of Basildon & Thurrock, Blackburn & Blackpool, Broxtowe, Gedling & Rushcliffe, Dartford & Gravesham, Gillingham & Rochester upon Medway, Exeter, Gloucester, Halton & Warrington, Huntingdonshire & Peterborough, Northampton, Norwich, Spelthorne and the Wrekin'', December 1995.)
8. (5 May 2004). "County Flowers". Daily Telegraph.
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10. (January 1956). "Cambridge American Cemetery {{!}} American Battle Monuments Commission".
11. Grose. (1790). "Provincial Glossary".
12. Francis Pryor. (October 1991). "Book of Flag Fen: prehistoric Fenland centre". Batsford.
13. (24 November 2014). "Battle lines drawn as public invited to vote for a new flag for Cambridgeshire". Cambs Times.
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20. "Dwelling Commitments in Cambridgeshire".
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22. Harvey, Adrian. (2005). "Football: the First Hundred Years". Routledge.
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24. (12 August 2004). "Federation of International Bandy-Olympic". Internationalbandy.com.
25. (21 February 2006). "Cambridgeshire – History – A handy Bandy guide". BBC.
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32. Messina, Rebecca. (2021-07-08). "Who is Emma Bridgewater? Everything you need to know".
33. Knight, Kathryn. (2014-03-30). "Pottery designer Emma Bridgewater: The woman who inspired my designs".