Calocybe gambosa

Taxonomy

Initially described as Agaricus gambosus by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1821 work Systema Mycologicum, with its specific epithet derived from a Latin term for "club footed" in relation to its bulky stipe. It was later named Tricholoma gambosum by Paul Kummer in 1871, In Denmark it is called Vårmousseron, appearing in early May.

It derives its common name from when it first appears in the United Kingdom, around Saint George's Day (23 April).

Description

The cap measures from 5–15 cm (2 to 6 inches) in diameter and has a smooth texture with ridges on it. The colour of the cap, stipe and flesh ranges from white to creamy. The sinuate gills are white and crowded. The stubby stipe is bulky at the base. The flesh is dense and soft, with a mealy or cucumber smell. The spore print is white.

Similar species

Care must be taken not to confuse it with the highly poisonous Inosperma erubescens, which grows in the same habitats. The latter has a more pungent fruity smell and bruises red. Entoloma sinuatum, also poisonous, has a rancid smell. Additionally, it may resemble the inedible Melanoleuca strictipes.

Distribution and habitat

Calocybe gambosa is common in grasslands in Europe, often in areas rich in limestone. It is common on the Swedish islands Öland and Gotland, both situated in the Baltic Sea. On the South Downs in southern England, it has formed huge fairy rings that appear to be several hundred years old. It is found from April to June in the United Kingdom, earlier in warmer countries and later in cooler ones. It appears in March in Italy, hence its regional name marzolino (also known as prugnolo).

Uses

The mushroom is best picked in dry weather. Although it resembles some poisonous species, it can be eaten cooked, pickled, and evidently raw.

The species is imported in commercial quantities from Romania, Hungary, and Turkey. It was held in high esteem in medieval Italy, reported by Costanzo Felici in 1569 as the most expensive and highly regarded mushroom in Umbria and Marches in central Italy. It was also held in high esteem in the Apennine Mountains region—Liguria, Tuscany, and Emilia-Romagna)—by Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti in 1777. It is still locally eaten in Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany.

St. George's mushroom is highly prized in the Basque Country of northern Spain, where it fetches very high prices. In Álava, it is traditionally eaten on the feast of Saint Prudentius (28 April), alongside snails. The mushroom is also a cornerstone of the gastronomy of Bilbao, where it is typically eaten in an omelette. The demand in the Basque Country is so high the mushroom has to be imported from Eastern Europe.

References

References

1. Fries EM. (1821). "Systema Mycologicum". Ex Officina Berlingiana.
2. Carluccio A. (2003). "The Complete Mushroom Book". Quadrille.
3. (1977). "Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi". Penguin.
4. "MycoKey fungus identifier".
5. Zeitlmayr, Linus. (1976). "Wild Mushrooms:An Illustrated Handbook". Garden City Press, Hertfordshire.
6. "Normlisten".
7. Ramsbottom, John. (1953). "Mushrooms & Toadstools". Collins.
8. Francis-Baker, Tiffany. (2021). "Concise Foraging Guide". [[Bloomsbury Publishing.
9. (2008). "Nationalization and Globalization Trends in the Wild Mushroom Commerce of Italy with Emphasis on Porcini ( Boletus edulis and Allied Species)". Economic Botany.
10. "El precio del perretxiko supera los 40 euros el kilo".
11. "De 'La comida del Gargantúa' a la primera Tamborrada". elcorreo.com.
12. (May 2017). "Perretxikos, el tesoro de la primavera".
13. Donk M.A.. (1962). "The generic names proposed for the Agaricaceae".
14. Kummer, Paul. (1871). "Der Führer in die Pilzkunde". Luppe.