From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base

Callose

Plant cell wall polysaccharide

Summary

Plant cell wall polysaccharide

Callose is a plant polysaccharide. Its production is due to the glucan synthase-like gene (GLS) in various places within a plant. It is produced to act as a temporary cell wall in response to stimuli such as stress or damage. Callose is composed of glucose residues linked together through β-1,3-linkages, and is termed a β-glucan. It is thought to be manufactured at the cell wall by callose synthases and is degraded by β-1,3-glucanases. Callose is very important for the permeability of plasmodesmata (Pd) in plants; the plant's permeability is regulated by plasmodesmata callose (PDC). PDC is made by callose synthases and broken down by β-1,3-glucanases (BGs). The amount of callose that is built up at the plasmodesmatal neck, which is brought about by the interference of callose synthases (CalSs) and β-1,3-glucanases, determines the conductivity of the plasmodesmata.

Formation and function

Callose is laid down at plasmodesmata, at the cell plate during cytokinesis, and during pollen development. Endothecium contains a substance callose, which makes it thicker. Callose is produced in response to wounding, infection by pathogens, aluminium, and abscisic acid. When there is wounding in the plant tissue, it is fixed by the deposition of callose at the plasmodesmata and cell wall; this process happens within minutes after damage. Even though callose is not a constitutional component of the plant's cell wall, it is related to the plant's defense mechanism. Deposits often appear on the sieve plates at the end of the growing season. Callose also forms immediately around the developing meiocytes and tetrads of sexually reproducing angiosperms but is not found in related apomictic taxa. Callose deposition at the cell wall has been suggested as an early marker for direct somatic embryogenesis from cortical and epidermal cells of Cichorium hybrids. Temporary callose walls are also thought to be a barrier between a cell and its environment, while the cell is undergoing a genetic programming that allows it to differentiate. This is because callose walls can be found around nucellar embryos during Nucellar embryony.

References

(2016). "A Dictionary of Biology". Oxford University Press.
(2014). "Callose homeostasis at plasmodesmata: molecular regulators and developmental relevance". Frontiers in Plant Science.
(January 2012). "A Simple Dual Stain for Detailed Investigations of Plant-Fungal Pathogen Interactions". Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin.
(June 2009). "Callose synthesis in higher plants". Plant Signaling & Behavior.
(2000). "Green plants : their origin and diversity". Cambridge University Press.
(1991). "Comparative Histology of Cell Walls during Meiotic and Apomeiotic Megasporogenesis in Two Hexaploid Australasian Elymus Species". Crop Science.
"Direct Somatic Embryogenesis in Roots of Cichorium: Is Callose an Early Marker?". Annals of Botany. (May 1990)
(2001). "Dynamics of callose deposition and β-1,3-glucanase expression during reproductive events in sexual and apomictic ''Hieracium''.". Planta.
(1996). "Apomixis and polyembryony in the guggul plant, ''Commiphora wightii''.". Ann Bot.

Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

polysaccharides

Want to explore this topic further?

Ask Mako anything about Callose — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.

Research with Mako

Free with your Surf account

Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.

Report