Butanone

Production

Butanone may be produced by oxidation of 2-butanol. The dehydrogenation of 2-butanol is catalysed by copper, zinc, or bronze: :CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 → CH3C(O)CH2CH3 + H2

This is used to produce approximately 700 million kilograms yearly. Other syntheses that have been examined but not implemented include Wacker oxidation of 2-butene and oxidation of isobutylbenzene, which is analogous to the industrial production of acetone.

Both liquid-phase oxidation of heavy naphtha and the Fischer–Tropsch reaction produce mixed oxygenate streams, from which 2-butanone is extracted by fractionation.

Applications

Solvent

Butanone is an effective and common solvent and is used in processes involving gums, resins, cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose coatings and in vinyl films. For this reason it finds use in the manufacture of plastics, textiles, in the production of paraffin wax, and in household products such as lacquer, varnishes, paint remover, a denaturing agent for denatured alcohol, glues, and as a cleaning agent. It is a prime component of plumbers' priming fluid, used to clean PVC materials. It has similar solvent properties to acetone but boils at a higher temperature and has a significantly slower evaporation rate. Unlike acetone, it forms an azeotrope with water, making it useful for azeotropic distillation of moisture in certain applications. Butanone is also used in dry erase markers as the solvent of the erasable dye.

The hydroxylamine derivative of butanone is methylethyl ketone oxime (MEKO), which also find use in paints and varnishes as an anti-skinning agent.

Plastic welding===

As butanone dissolves polystyrene and many other plastics, it is sold as "model cement" for use in connecting parts of scale model kits. Though often considered an adhesive, it is functioning as a welding agent in this context.

Other uses

Butanone is the precursor to methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, which is a catalyst for some polymerization reactions such as crosslinking of unsaturated polyester resins. Dimethylglyoxime can be prepared from butanone first by reaction with ethyl nitrite to give diacetyl monoxime followed by conversion to the dioxime: :[[File:Preparation_of_dimethylglyoxime.png|class=skin-invert-image|400px]]

In the peroxide process on producing hydrazine, the starting chemical ammonia is bonded to butanone, oxidized by hydrogen peroxide, bonded to another ammonia molecule. :[[File:Pechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann process.png|class=skin-invert-image|506px]] In the final step of the process, hydrolysis produces the desired product, hydrazine, and regenerates the butanone. :Me(Et)C=NN=C(Et)Me + 2 H2O → 2 Me(Et)C=O + N2H4

Safety

Flammability

Butanone can react with most oxidizing materials and can produce fires. It is moderately explosive, requiring only a small flame or spark to cause a vigorous reaction. The vapor is heavier than air, so it can accumulate at low points. It is explosive at concentrations between 1.4 and 11.4%. Concentrations in the air high enough to be flammable are intolerable to humans due to the irritating nature of the vapor. Butanone fires should be extinguished with carbon dioxide, dry agents, or alcohol-resistant foam.

The ignition of butanone vapor was the proximate cause of the 2007 Xcel Energy Cabin Creek fire, resulting in the deaths of five workers in a hydroelectric penstock. After the incident, the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board specifically noted the danger posed by butanone in confined spaces, and suggested 1,1,1-trichloroethane or limonene as safer alternatives.

Health effects

Butanone is a constituent of tobacco smoke. It is an irritant, causing irritation to the eyes and nose of humans. Serious animal health effects have been seen only at very high levels. There are no long-term studies with animals breathing or drinking it, and no studies for carcinogenicity in animals breathing or drinking it. There is some evidence that butanone can potentiate the toxicity of other solvents, in contrast to the calculation of mixed solvent exposures by simply adding exposures.

, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) listed butanone as a toxic chemical. There are reports of neuropsychological effects. It is rapidly absorbed through undamaged skin and lungs. It contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone, which is toxic in low concentrations.

Regulation

Butanone is listed as a Table II precursor under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.

Emission of butanone was regulated in the US as a hazardous air pollutant, because it is a volatile organic compound contributing to the formation of tropospheric (ground-level) ozone. In 2005, the US Environmental Protection Agency removed butanone from the list of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs).

Notes

References

References

1. ''[[Merck Index]]'', 11th Edition, '''5991'''.
2. (2014). "Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book)". [[Royal Society of Chemistry.
3. "butan-2-one_msds".
4. (15 April 2015). "Safety Data Sheet - Klean Strip - Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK)". Klean Strip.
5. {{PGCH. 0069
6. {{IDLH. 78933. 2-Butanone
7. is an [[organic compound]] with the [[chemical formula
8. "Direct Routes to Phenol".
9. Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Third edition, 2011, {{ISBN. 978-0-9522674-3-0, pages 6013-4
10. Turner, Charles F.. (1981). "The Chemistry of Fire and Hazardous Materials". Allyn and Bacon, Inc..
11. Apps, E. A.. (1958). "Printing Ink Technology". Leonard Hill [Books] Limited.
12. Fairhall, Lawrence T.. (1957). "Industrial Toxicology". The Williams and Wilkins Company.
13. ''Lange's Handbook of Chemistry'', 10th ed. pp1496-1505
14. ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', 44th ed. pp 2143-2184
15. Semon, W. L.. (1943). "Dimethylglyoxime".
16. U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. (August 2010). "Investigation Report: Xcel Energy Hydroelectric Plant Penstock Fire". U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board.
17. (2011). "Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smoke". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
18. (26 September 2003). "Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) (CASRN 78-93-3)". EPA.
19. (September 2003). "US Toxicological review of Methyl ethyl ketone In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)". US Environmental Protection Agency.
20. (2006). "Solvent neurotoxicity". Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
21. Simon B.N. Thompson. (Winter 2010). "Implications for cognitive rehabilitation and brain injury from exposure to Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK): a review". Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation.
22. [http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/red.pdf List of Precursors and Chemicals Frequently Used in the Illicit Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Under International Control] {{webarchive. link. (February 27, 2008 , International Narcotics Control Board)
23. Federal Register Volume 70, Issue 242 (December 19, 2005)
24. (n.d.). "MEK No Longer a HAP". Bfksolutions newsletter.
25. "EPA De-Lists MEK from CAA HAP List".