Bunding

Liquid containment

The term can also refer to dikes, but it is frequently used to describe liquid containment facilities that prevent leaks and spillage from tanks and pipes, though sometimes any barrier is referred to as bunding. Frequently, the liquids in these tanks and pipes are toxic, and bunding is used to prevent the liquid from causing damage (either by force or its chemistry). If a large tank has a catastrophic failure, the liquid alone can cause extensive damage.

If built properly, bunding is large enough and strong enough to contain the contents of an entire tank, though regulations may require it to be up to a third larger. When multiple tanks share a bund, the capacity is based on the largest tank. One of the most common designs for large tanks is a concrete or masonry wall around the tank with a concrete floor.

Concrete works very well for many liquids, but it is unsuitable for some applications like containing strong acids. Using earth berms for bunding is not recommended for most situations, though liners can be used to decrease permeability. Smaller tanks often use containers made of steel or plastic. The material used depends on cost, the chemical properties of the liquid and its density. Plastic tanks cannot hold very dense liquids at high wall levels. Large, exposed bunding will need a sump pump or some other system to remove precipitation, though it may also be used to transfer spilled liquid into another container. Rainwater must be treated if the liquid being stored is toxic because there may be small amounts of it surrounding the tank.

The bund may have a roof to prevent precipitation from getting in, but steps must be taken to provide adequate ventilation when storing flammable liquids. If the wall is over a meter high, it may require a ladder or steps to allow people to escape quickly. Another design uses a channel that drains the liquid to a secondary container.

When the risk of tank failure is not as likely or when it would not cause extensive damage, the bunding may be designed to merely contain small leaks from hoses and valves. This bunding may not be able to contain the entire volume of the tank. Plastic and steel are used, but another common method is making a hump or lip around the perimeter of a concrete floor. Some bunding is temporary, such as short-term chemical storage in the field. A hump or slope type bunding is helpful when vehicles need access to the area. There is also a type of bunding that compresses when a vehicle passes over and expands once it has passed.

Regulations

It is reasonably easy to construct a "water-tight" bund around the base of a tank or vessel. A concrete base and a sealed wall of masonry, brickwork, concrete or even prefabricated steel provides the holding capacity

Holding capacity

Almost all regulations require a holding capacity of 110% of the largest tank within the bund or 25% of the total capacity of all the tanks within the bund, whichever is the greatest. In addition, further guidelines in some countries (e.g. the UK) recommend additional measures such as providing sufficient "freeboard" or height of wall above the maximum holding capacity to accommodate dynamic factors such as a surge in situations of major tank failure or storm-driven waves in larger bunds. As a rule (and unless specific local laws prevail) most operators work to the 25%/110% capacity guide.

Unwanted water build-up and removal

As noted above, electricity sub-station transformers contain significant amounts of oil. A 110 MVA transformer may have up to 40,000 litres of cooling/insulating oil contained within the body of the transformer and its associated coiling radiators and storage tanks. Unlike ordinary fuel storage tanks, these are complex structures, with a higher propensity for leakage of the oil. Using the UK as an example, as electricity industry privatization took place in the 1980s and 1990s the new electricity companies were made aware of their environmental responsibilities. Most area and national companies realised that they had several thousand transformers, many of which had been leaking into the ground below them for many years. The companies embarked on an upgrading programme involving the construction of "water-tight" bunds to retain any oil leakage and to prevent further pollution and contamination.

They immediately encountered the problem of water build-up from rain being retained by the now "water-tight" bund; the unwanted rain-water reduces the holding capacity of the bund. Once the water level reaches more than 10% of the holding capacity of the bund, it is no longer fit for purpose and the water must be removed. The water is also likely to be, at best, moderately contaminated with a small film of oil on the top of it or, at worst, substantially contaminated by a thick layer of oil. This is worse on older, leakier transformers. This also can apply to any oil storage tank

Oil floats on water and, if still clean enough to see through, has a different refractive index than the water below, making the oil/water interface difficult to judge. This makes manual pumping difficult and unsafe. Removing the entire contents for disposal as hazardous waste is expensive and environmentally unacceptable. However, in the UK at least, the latest regulations{{cite web |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204110040/http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/quality/oilstore/pdf/oil_store.pdf |archive-date=2008-12-04

Anti-noise

In the UK, manmade earthwork structures are sometimes constructed around housing developments, especially near industrial sites. The mounds of earth with vegetation (normally shrubs and trees) diminish the noise from the industrial site. The bunds then create a more natural landscape instead of thick or high barriers. They can be built in curved or sinuous forms, depending on the landscape. Bunds are also used to protect housing from noisy transport routes such as motorways and railways.

Re-greening

Allegedly bunds can be used to hold rainwater in lightly sloping plains that have lost vegetation due to drought and overgrazing. According to this theory, semi-circular bunds will hold the rainwater giving it time to penetrate the soil and rehydrate the seeds in the ground.

Failures

Bund wall failures have occurred in the UK, such as at Warrington, Cheshire in 1994. A polypropylene tank holding about 30 tonnes of 40% aqueous caustic soda sprang a leak about halfway down the main wall. The corrosive fluid jetted out over the bund wall, causing great damage to the surrounding factory and adjacent premises. The bunding at Buncefield also failed to contain petrol and fire fighting water after the initial explosion and subsequent fire.{{cite web |access-date=2020-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929064344/http://www.buncefieldinvestigation.gov.uk/reports/initialreport.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-29

Bunded containment is generally not designed for tank boilover, because this would require to cover an enormous footprint, as clearly demonstrated by accidents such as the Tacoa disaster. It is therefore paramount that boilover be prevented in the first place.

Integrity assessments

Bunds will deteriorate over time (e.g. cracks may develop in concrete walls or reinforcement bars may corrode) or suffer damage (e.g. vehicle strikes) or modifications may have been made. To ensure that bunds continue to provide the necessary protection against leaks and spills, bunds should be assessed periodically to ensure that they continue to provide sufficient integrity (e.g. will not leak).

National and local regulations often specify the frequency and method of bund integrity assessment. In the UK, for sites licensed by the Environmental Agency, the integrity assessment is normally annually. In Ireland, for sites licensed by the EPA, the integrity assessment is normally every three years. The actual permit or license for the site will normally specify the assessment interval.

There are two assessment techniques in use, hydrostatic testing, and visual inspection. In certain circumstances, both techniques may be used.

Hydrostatic tests

• Filling the bund with water to a level that corresponds to the design capacity of the bund.
• Allowing a period of absorption of water into the walls of the bund.
• The test itself.
• Assessment of test result.
• Disposal of the test water.

Visual inspection

A visual inspection requires that a competent person examine the bund to determine whether the bund, in their opinion, is in a suitable condition to retain the primary containment contents in case of a spill. The examination will include a visual inspection of the inner and outer walls and the bund base. In particular, joints in the walls and base will be examined and also where pipes penetrate bund walls. Any defects that are likely to cause a leak are noted.

The definition of a competent person may be defined in the permit but is generally considered to refer to a Chartered Engineer with appropriate experience

Where there is doubt as to the integrity, then the visual inspection may be supplemented by a low-level hydrostatic test.

New bunds

Prefabricated bunds will have generally been tested at the factory where they are made and therefore should be accompanied by a test certificate.

Existing bunds

The guidance for assessment of existing bunds differs significantly between the UK and Ireland. In the UK, visual inspection for existing bunds is the preferred assessment method. This is due to concerns re-tank stability and the possibility of promoting corrosion of the base of the tank. In Ireland, for site regulated by the EPA, hydrostatic testing is the preferred method unless there are safety or practical reasons why a hydrostatic test cannot be carried out

Potential reasons as to why a hydrostatic test may be unsafe or impractical include:

• Tank stability. Tanks may try to float and may become unstable.
• Corrosion of tank base.
• Flooding of electrical equipment within bund.
• Displacement of flammable or toxic gases that have built up in a bund.
• Tank contents may react with test water.
• Impeded site operations, e.g. warehouses or other storage areas that need frequent access.
• Lack of containment capacity should the tank fail during the test.
• Use of excessive quantity of water.

In some cases, it may be necessary to test joints and bund penetrations (such as by pipes) for watertightness using a limpet dam or similar.

Specialist applied chemical resistant bund linings may also be recommended which enhances the structural strength and defence of the bund.

References

• Forensic Materials Engineering: Case Studies, Peter Rhys Lewis, Ken Reynolds and Colin Gagg, CRC Press (2004) for a discussion of plastic tank and bund failures.
• Lewis, PR and Weidmann, GW, Catastrophic failure of a polypropylene tank, Part I Primary Investigation, Engineering Failure Analysis, 6, 197-214 (1999)
• Lewis, PR and Weidmann, GW, Catastrophic failure of a polypropylene tank, Part II Comparison of the DVS 2205 code of practice and the design of the failed tank, Engineering Failure Analysis, 6, 215-232 (1999)

References

1. "CIRIA C736, Containment Systems for the Prevention of Pollution", p. 38, Construction Industry Research and Information Association, London
2. "CIRIA Report 163 “Construction of bunds for oil storage tanks”, CIRIA, London
3. [http://www.epa.ie/pubs/advice/licensee/guidancetostorageandtransferofmaterialsforscheduledactivities.html "Guidance to Storage and Transfer of Materials for Scheduled Activities, Section 6.4"],"[[EPA]], Wexford, Ireland 2004.
4. [https://www.epa.ie/pubs/advice/general/Materials%20storage.pdf]"Guidance Note on Storage and Transfer of Materials for Scheduled Activities", Section 6.3.3.3
5. Susan Wolf, Neil Stanley. "Wolf and Stanley on Environmental Law", Chapter 4, Routledge {{ISBN. 9780415685160
6. "Oil Tank Regulations - Fuel and Oil Storage Guide".
7. [http://www.epa.ie/pubs/advice/licensee/guidancetostorageandtransferofmaterialsforscheduledactivities.html "Guidance to Storage and Transfer of Materials for Scheduled Activities, Section 6.3.1"],"[[EPA]], Wexford, Ireland 2004.
8. [http://www.epa.ie/pubs/advice/licensee/guidancetostorageandtransferofmaterialsforscheduledactivities.html "Guidance to Storage and Transfer of Materials for Scheduled Activities, Section 5.3.1"],"[[EPA]], Wexford, Ireland 2004.
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11. (2018-01-26). "Re-greening the land".
12. Stewart, Ewan. (2023). "Case Study — Revisiting the Tacoa Power Plant Boilover 40 Years On". Loss Prevention Bulletin.
13. "BS 8007:1987 - Code of practice for design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids – BSI British Standards". Shop.bsigroup.com.
14. BS EN 1992-3:2006. "Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures. Liquid retaining and containing structures" British Standards Institution, London
15. [http://naturalsols.co.uk/Control/COMAH%20-%20Implementation.pdf] {{Webarchive. link. (2017-11-07, "Containment of Bulk Hazardous Liquids At COMAH Establishments. Containment Policy Supporting Guidance For Secondary And Tertiary Containment And Implementation Principles For Regulators")
16. "CIRIA C736, Containment Systems for the Prevention of Pollution", Section 7.5.3, Construction Industry Research and Information Association, London