Brook Taylor

Life and work

Brook Taylor was born in Edmonton (former Middlesex). Taylor was the son of John Taylor, MP of Patrixbourne, Kent and Olivia Tempest, the daughter of Sir Nicholas Tempest, Baronet of Durham.

He entered St John's College, Cambridge, as a fellow-commoner in 1701, and took degrees in LL.B. in 1709 and LL.D. in 1714. Taylor studied mathematics under John Machin and John Keill, leading to Taylor obtaining a solution to the problem of "center of oscillation". Taylor's solution remained unpublished until May 1714, when his claim to priority was disputed by Johann Bernoulli.

Taylor's Methodus Incrementorum Directa et Inversa (1715) ("Direct and Indirect Methods of Incrementation") added a new branch to higher mathematics, called "calculus of finite differences". Taylor used this development to determine the form of movement in vibrating strings. Taylor also wrote the first satisfactory investigation of astronomical refraction. The same work contains the well-known Taylor's theorem, the importance of which remained unrecognized until 1772, when Joseph-Louis Lagrange realized its usefulness and termed it "the main foundation of differential calculus".

In Taylor's 1715 essay Linear Perspective, Taylor set forth the principles of perspective in a more understandable form, but the work suffered from brevity and obscurity problems which plagued most of his writings, meaning the essay required further explanation in the treatises of Joshua Kirby (1754) and Daniel Fournier (1761).

Taylor was elected as a fellow in the Royal Society in 1712. In the same year, Taylor sat on the committee for adjudicating the claims of Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz. He acted as secretary to the society from 13 January 1714 to 21 October 1718.

From 1715 onward, Taylor's studies took a philosophical and religious bent. He corresponded with the Comte de Montmort on the subject of Nicolas Malebranche's tenets. Unfinished treatises written on his return from Aix-la-Chapelle in 1719, On the Jewish Sacrifices and On the Lawfulness of Eating Blood, were afterwards found among his papers.

Taylor was one of few English mathematicians, along with Isaac Newton and Roger Cotes, who was capable of holding his own with the Bernoullis, but a lack of clarity affected a great part of his demonstrations and Taylor lost brevity through his failure to express his ideas fully and clearly.

His health began to fail in 1717 after years of intense work.

Taylor married Miss Brydges of Wallington, Surrey in 1721 without his father's approval. The marriage led to an estrangement with his father, which improved in 1723 after Taylor's wife died in childbirth while giving birth to a son. Taylor's son did not survive.

He spent the next two years with his family at Bifrons, and in 1725 he married with his father's approval, Sabetta Sawbridge of Olantigh, Kent. She died in childbirth in 1730, though his only daughter, Elizabeth, survived.

Taylor's father died in 1729, leaving Taylor to inherit the Bifrons estate.

Taylor died at the age of 46, on 29 December 1731, at Somerset House, London.

Selected writings

Taylor's grandson, Sir William Young, printed a posthumous work entitled Contemplatio Philosophica for private circulation in 1793, (2nd Bart., 10 January 1815). The work was prefaced by a biography, and had an appendix containing letters addressed to him by Bolingbroke, Bossuet, and others.

Several short papers by Taylor were published in Phil. Trans., vols. xxvii to xxxii, which including accounts of experiments in magnetism and capillary attraction. In 1719, Brook issued an improved version of his work on perspective, New Principles of Linear Perspective, which was revised by John Colson in 1749. A French translation was published in 1757. It was reprinted, with a portrait and short biography, in 1811.

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  • Annotated English translation by Ian Bruce
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Tribute

Taylor is an impact crater located on the Moon, named in honor of Brook Taylor in 1935.

References

References

1. "TAYLOR, John (1655-1729), of Bifrons, Patrixbourne, Kent {{!}} History of Parliament Online".
2. (1835). "Dr. Brook Taylor's Principles of Linear Perspective". M. Taylor.
3. {{acad
4. ''Phil. Trans.'', vol. xxviii, p. xi.
5. {{Cite EB1911
6. Taylor, Brook. (1715a). "Methodus incrementorum directa & inversa". Gulielmi Innys.
7. "[L]e principal fondement du calcul différentiel". According to [[François-Joseph Fétis]], ({{google books. wfQ5AAAAIAAJ. Biographie universelle…. infinitely small]]s and [[Limit (mathematics). limit]]s" was first printed in the ''Journal de l'École polytechnique'', vol. 9, p. 5.
8. {{Cite EB1911
9. Both are disciples of Taylor's: Marlow Anderson, Victor J. Katz, Robin J. Wilson; {{Google books. B65MZ_12REEC. Sherlock Holmes in Babylon: And Other Tales of Mathematical History, p. 309
10. (May 1793). "Review of New Publications".
11. (October 1772). "Epitaph".
12. {{google books. NKwWAAAAQAAJ. Nouveaux principes de la perspective linéaire, traduction de deux ouvrages, l'un anglais du Docteur Brook Taylor. L'autre latin, de Monsieur Patrice Murdoch. Avec un essai sur le mélange des couleurs par Newton
13. "Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Taylor on Moon". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature.