Branchial cleft cyst

Symptoms and signs

Most branchial cleft cysts present in late childhood or early adulthood as a solitary, painless mass, which went previously unnoticed, that has now become infected (typically after an upper respiratory tract infection). Fistulas, if present, are asymptomatic until infection arises.

Pathophysiology

Branchial cleft cysts are remnants of embryonic development and result from a failure of obliteration of one of the branchial clefts, which are homologous to the structures in fish that develop into gills.

Pathology

The cyst wall is composed of squamous epithelium (90%), columnar cells with or without cilia, or a mixture of both, with lymphoid infiltrate, often with prominent germinal centers and few subcapsular lymph sinuses. The cyst is typically surrounded by lymphoid tissue that has attenuated or absent overlying epithelium due to inflammatory changes.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of branchial cleft cysts is typically done clinically due to their relatively consistent location in the neck, typically anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. For masses presenting in adulthood, the presumption should be a malignancy until proven otherwise, since carcinomas of the tonsil, tongue base and thyroid may all present as cystic masses of the neck. Unlike a thyroglossal duct cyst, when swallowing, the mass should not move up or down.

Types

• First branchial cleft cysts - These are also known as periauricular because of their position near the ear. They are always in or adjacent to the parotid gland. These account for 8% of the sinuses and cysts of the neck. They are lateral to the facial nerve and run parallel to the external auditory canal.
• Second branchial cleft cysts - These account for 90 to 95% of the neck cysts. Anterior to sternocleidomastoid muscle, posterior to submandibular gland, lateral to carotid sheath. They are medial to the facial nerve at the anterior neck and above the hyoid bone. Skin pit can be found in this location. However, if skin pits are found on both sides of the neck, then, branchio-oto-renal syndrome should be ruled out. Infection of the cysts in this region can compress trachea, causing respiratory problems, or it can compress the oesophagus, causing dysphagia, and irritating the sternocleidomastoid muscle, causing torticollis.
• Third branchial cleft cysts - These are rare and located in the posterior triangle of the upper neck or the anterior triangle in the lower neck.
• Fourth branchial cleft abnormalities are not technically cysts, and so are referred to as branchial arch anomalies. They consist of a sinus tract or fistula extending from apex of pyriform sinus to anterior lower neck, usually adjacent to left thyroid lobe. If infected, they can cause acute infectious thyroiditis in children and if enlarge rapidly, can cause tracheal compression in children.

Treatment

Conservative (i.e. no treatment), or surgical excision. With surgical excision, recurrence is common, usually due to incomplete excision. Often, the tracts of the cyst will pass near important structures, such as the internal jugular vein, carotid artery, or facial nerve, making complete excision impractical due to the high risk of complications.

An alternative and less invasive treatment is ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy.

References

References

1. (2001). "Congenital neck masses and cysts". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2. Colman, Rebecca. (2008). "Toronto Notes".
3. Hong, Chih-ho. "Branchial cleft cyst". eMedicine.com.
4. (2009). "Your Inner Fish". Vintage.
5. (2016). "Branchial Cleft Cyst". Indian Journal of Dermatology.
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9. (December 2018). "Congenital Neck Masses". Clinics in Perinatology.
10. (May 2005). "Cystic malformations of the neck in children.". Pediatric Radiology.
11. (May 2006). "Branchial cleft and arch anomalies in children". Seminars in Pediatric Surgery.
12. (April 2014). "Ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy for benign non-thyroid cystic mass in the neck". Ultrasonography.