Bolete

Taxonomy

The boletes are classified in the order Boletales. However, not all members of the order Boletales are boletes. The micromorphology and molecular phylogeny of the order Boletales have established that it also contains many gilled, puffball, and other fruit body shapes. Examples of these fungi include Chroogomphus, Gomphidius, Phylloporus, Paxillus, Tapinella, Hygrophoropsis, and Scleroderma.

The genus Boletus was originally broadly defined and described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, containing all pored mushrooms. Since then, gradually other genera have been defined, such as Tylopilus by Karsten in 1881, and old names such as Leccinum and Suillus resurrected or redefined.

Recently, the genus Boletus has been split up even more, creating new genera, such as Xerocomellus and Caloboletus.

Ecology

Most boletes are mycorrhizal and are generally found in woodlands. There is also a parasitic bolete, Pseudoboletus parasiticus, which grows on Scleroderma citrinum. Another parasitic bolete is Buchwaldoboletus lignicola, which is a parasite to Phaeolus schweinitzii, the dyer's polypore.

Boletes are susceptible to infection by the fungus Hypomyces chrysospermus, also known as the bolete eater.

Edibility

Many boletes, such as the porcini (Boletus edulis), are edible and considered a delicacy. However, other boletes, such as Suillus and Xerocomellus are considered edible, but not choice. Some boletes, such as Caloboletus and Tylopilus are too bitter to eat. Other boletes, such as ones in the Rubroboletus genus, such as Satan's bolete (Rubroboletus satanas) are dangerously poisonous. Most poisonous boletes have red pores. Some boletes appear to be hallucinogenic bolete mushrooms. One known bolete species that might be hallucinogenic is Boletus manicus.

References

References

1. Arora, David. (1986). "Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi". Ten Speed Press.
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10. "Pseudoboletus parasiticus (MushroomExpert.Com)".
11. Initiative, The Global Fungal Red List. "Buchwaldoboletus lignicola".
12. "Hypomyces chrysospermus (MushroomExpert.Com)".
13. Arora, David. (1986). "Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi". Ten Speed Press.
14. Stevens, Michael Wood & Fred. "California Fungi: Xerocomellus dryophilus".
15. (2016). "Mushrooms of the redwood coast: a comprehensive guide to the fungi of coastal northern California". Ten Speed Press.
16. "Boletus edulis - Mushrooms Up! Edible and Poisonous Species of Coastal BC and the Pacific Northwest".
17. (2015). "New Studies on Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: History, Diversity, and Applications in Psychiatry". Int J Med Mushrooms.
18. Arora, David. (2008). "Notes on Economic Mushrooms. Xiao Ren Ren: The "Little People" of Yunnan". New York Botanical Garden Press.
19. Thomas B.. (2003). "''Boletus manicus'' Heim". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs.
20. (2000). "Psychoactive card XIII: Boletus manicus". Eleusis: Journal of Psychoactive Plants and Compounds.