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Bis(2,4,5-trichloro-6-(pentyloxycarbonyl)phenyl)oxalate

Bis[2,4,5-trichloro-6-(pentyloxycarbonyl)phenyl]oxalate (also known as bis(2,4,5-trichloro-6-carbopentoxyphenyl) oxalate or CPPO) is an organic compound with the formula . A white solid, it is classified as a diester of oxalic acid. It is an active ingredient for the chemiluminescence in glow sticks. It can be synthesized by reacting 2-carbopentoxy-3,5,6-trichlorophenol with oxalyl chloride.

When mixed with hydrogen peroxide in an organic solvent (diethyl phthalate, ethyl acetate, etc...) in the presence of a fluorescent dye CPPO causes the emission of light, following its degradation to 1,2-dioxetanedione (note that many side-groups of the aromatic rings are not shown.):

:[[Image:Cyalume-reactions.svg|500px]]

The reaction rate is pH dependent, and slightly alkaline conditions achieved by adding a weak base, e.g. sodium salicylate, will produce brighter light. Developed by American Cyanamid in the 1960s, the formulation containing CPPO, a fluorescer, and a glass capsule containing hydrogen peroxide and a base catalyst, all in dialkyl phthalate solvents, was marketed as Cyalume. Current Cyalume products no longer use any phthalate solvents.

The following colors can be produced by using different dyes:

Color	Compound
Blue	9,10-Diphenylanthracene
Green	9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene
Yellow-green	Tetracene
Yellow	1-Chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene
Orange	5,12-Bis(phenylethynyl)naphthacene, Rubrene, Rhodamine 6G
Red	2,4-Di-tert-butylphenyl 1,4,5,8-tetracarboxynaphthalene diamide, Rhodamine 101, Rhodamine B

References

(2019). "Developing a Safe and Versatile Chemiluminescence Demonstration for Studying Reaction Kinetics". Journal of Chemical Education.
(2001). "Solid Surface Enhancement Effects on Chemiluminescence. III. Diaryloxalate as Chemiluminescence Reagent and Inorganic Materials as Media Solids". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan.

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oxalate-esters phenol-esters chemiluminescence

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