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BIOS boot partition

Partition used by GNU GRUB to boot GPT partition on BIOS

Summary

Partition used by GNU GRUB to boot GPT partition on BIOS

The BIOS boot partition is a partition on a data storage device that GNU GRUB uses on legacy BIOS-based personal computers in order to boot an operating system, when the actual boot device contains a GUID Partition Table (GPT). Such a layout is sometimes referred to as BIOS/GPT boot.{{cite web

A BIOS boot partition is needed on GPT-partitioned storage devices to hold the second stages of GRUB. On traditional MBR-partitioned devices, the disk sectors immediately following the first are usually unused, as the partitioning scheme does not designate them for any special purpose and partitioning tools avoid them for alignment purposes. On GPT-based devices, the sectors hold the actual partition table, necessitating the use of an extra partition. On MBR-partitioned disks, boot loaders are usually implemented so the portion of their code stored within the MBR, which cannot hold more than 512 bytes, operates as a first stage that serves primarily to load a more sophisticated second stage, which is, for example, capable of reading and loading an operating system kernel from a file system.

Overview

core.img}} in a BIOS boot partition.

When used, the BIOS boot partition contains the second stage of the boot loader program, such as the GRUB 2; the first stage is the code that is contained within the Master Boot Record (MBR). Use of this partition is not the only way BIOS-based boot can be performed while using GPT-partitioned hard drives; however, complex boot loaders such as GRUB 2 cannot fit entirely within the confines of the MBR's 398 to 446 bytes of space, thus they need an ancillary storage space. On MBR disks, such boot loaders typically use the sectors immediately following the MBR for this storage; that space is usually known as the "MBR gap". No equivalent unused space exists on GPT disks, and the BIOS boot partition is a way to officially allocate such space for use by the boot loader.

The globally unique identifier (GUID) for the BIOS boot partition in the GPT scheme is {{cite web

The size requirements for a BIOS boot partition are quite low so it can be as small as about 30 KiB; however, as future boot loaders might require more space, 1 MiB might be a reasonable BIOS boot partition size. Due to the 1 MiB partition alignment policies used by most modern disk partitioning tools to provide optimum performance with Advanced Format disks, SSD devices and certain RAID configurations, some room is left allowing the placement of a BIOS boot partition between the GPT and the first partition aligned that way (34–2047 for 512-byte sectors; 6–255 for 4096-byte sectors). If created by utilizing that free space, the BIOS boot partition would be out of the GPT alignment specification, but that is not very important since: (a) the alignment rule is "should" and not "must" (b) the rule is based on a performance consideration, which for a very small partition used only at system boot bears no real consequence.

Creation

The following utilities are known to support BIOS boot partitions:

cfdisk
fdisk
GNU Parted (2.0 or later).
GParted, the front-end to GNU Parted.
gpt(8) partition editor in NetBSD (5.0 or later).
gdisk: GPT fdisk

References

See https://uefi.org/specs/UEFI/2.10/05_GUID_Partition_Table_Format.html, "GPT partitions should be aligned to the larger of: GPT partitions should be aligned to the larger of: a – The physical block boundary, if any; b – The optimal transfer length granularity, if any."

Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

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