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Bharat Ratna

India's highest civilian award

Bharat Ratna
Summary

India's highest civilian award

FieldValue
nameBharat Ratna
imageBharat Ratna Award.png
typeNational Civilian
countryIndia
presenter[[File:Emblem of India.svg15px]] President of India
ribbon[[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg100px]]
obverseAn image of the Sun along with the words "Bharat Ratna", inscribed in Devanagari script, on a peepal (Ficus religiosa) leaf
reverseA platinum State Emblem of India placed in the centre with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari script
established
firstawarded1955
holder_labelLatest award
holder2024
total_awarded53
descriptionHighest Civilian Award of the Republic of India
higherNone
lower[[File:Param-Vir-Chakra-ribbon.svg35px]] Param Vir Chakra (military)
[[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg35px]] Padma Vibhushan (civilian)
website

The Bharat Ratna (; ) is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is conferred in recognition of "exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position or gender. The award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the Government of India expanded the criteria to include "any field of human endeavor" in December 2011. The recipients receive a Sanad (certificate) signed by the president and a peepal leaf-shaped medallion. Bharat Ratna recipients rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.

The first recipients of the Bharat Ratna were: the former governor-general of the Union of India C. Rajagopalachari, the former president of the Republic of India Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan; and the Indian physicist C. V. Raman, who were honoured in 1954. Since then, the award has been bestowed upon 53 individuals, including 18 who were awarded posthumously. The original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards but were amended in January 1966 to permit them to honor former prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, the first individual to be honored posthumously. In 2014, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, then aged 40, became the youngest recipient, while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was the oldest recipient when he was awarded on his 100th birthday. Though usually conferred on India-born citizens, the award has been conferred on one naturalized citizen, Mother Teresa, and on two non-Indians: Abdul Ghaffar Khan (born in British India and later a citizen of Pakistan) and Nelson Mandela, a citizen of South Africa.

The Bharat Ratna, along with other personal civil honours, was briefly suspended from July 1977 to January 1980, during the change in the national government; and for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995, when several public-interest litigations challenged the constitutional validity of the awards. In 1992, the government's decision to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose was opposed by those who had refused to accept the fact of his death, including some members of his extended family. Following a 1997 Supreme Court decision, the press communique announcing Bose's award was cancelled; it is the only time when the award was announced but not conferred.

History

On 2 January 1954, a press communique was released from the office of the secretary to the president announcing the creation of two civilian awards—Bharat Ratna (Jewel of India), the highest civilian award, and the three-tier Padma Vibhushan, classified into "Pehla Warg" (Class I), "Dusra Warg" (Class II), and "Tisra Warg" (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna. On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri.

The award was briefly suspended twice in its history. The first suspension occurred when Morarji Desai, who was sworn in as the fourth prime minister in 1977, withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977. The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980, after Indira Gandhi became the prime minister. The award was suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed, one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court, challenging the "constitutional validity" of the awards. The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation.

There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990. Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first sportsperson to receive the honour. Dhondo Keshav Karve was the oldest living recipient when he was awarded on his 100th birthday on 18 April 1958. , the award has been conferred upon 50 people with 15 posthumous declarations.

Regulations

The Bharat Ratna is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or gender. The award was originally confined to the arts, literature, science, and public services, as per the 1954 regulations. In December 2011, the rules were amended to "any field of human endeavour". The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this was subsequently modified in the January 1966 statute, and Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first recipient to be honored posthumously in 1966.

Although there is no formal nomination process, recommendations for the award can only be made by the prime minister to the president. The recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the president and a medallion without any monetary grant. Usage of the title 'Bharat Ratna' as a prefix by the awardee is exempt from Article 18 (1) of the Constitution, as per the Supreme Court's precedent in Balaji Raghavan/S.P. Anand v. Union of India in 1995. Additionally, recipients may either use the expression "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award" to indicate that they have been honored with the award. The holders of the Bharat Ratna rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.

As with many official announcements, recipients are announced and registered in The Gazette of India, a publication released by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices; without publication in the Gazette, conferral of the award is not considered official. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the president, are registered in the Gazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked are required to surrender their medals, and their names are struck from the register.

Specifications

Bharat Ratna medal

The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold 1+3/8 inch in diameter with a centered image of the sun on the obverse side. The text "Bharat Ratna", in Devanagari Script, is inscribed on the upper edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the lower edge. A platinum State Emblem of India was placed in the center of the reverse side with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" in Devanagari Script (; lit. "Truth alone triumphs"), inscribed in silver-gilt on the lower edge.

A year later, the design was modified. The current medal is in the shape of a peepal leaf, approximately 2+5/16 inch long, 1+7/8 inch wide and 1/8 inch thick and rimmed in platinum. The embossed sun burst design, made of platinum, on the obverse side of the medal has a diameter of 5/8 inch with rays spreading out from 5/6 inch to 1/2 inch from the center of the Sun. The words "Bharat Ratna" on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem of India and "Satyameva Jayate" on the reverse side. A 2 in white ribbon is attached to the medal so it can be worn around the neck. In 1957, the silver-gilt decoration was changed to burnished bronze. The medals are minted at Alipore Mint in Kolkata.

Entitlements

Bharat Ratna can not be used as a prefix or suffix, however recipients may identify themselves as "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award". The award does not carry any monetary benefits, but the award includes the following entitlements:

  • The medallion and miniature
  • A Sanad (certificate) signed by the president of India
  • Treatment as a state guest by state governments when traveling within a state
  • Indian missions abroad requested to facilitate recipients when requested
  • Entitlement to a diplomatic passport
  • Placed seventh in the Indian order of precedence
  • Concessional fare on the flag carrier Air India

Controversies and criticism

The Bharat Ratna has been mired in several controversies and award grants have been subject to multiple public interest litigations (PILs).

Subhas Chandra Bose (1992)

Supreme Court]] in 1997

On 23 January 1992, a press release was published by the president's secretariat to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose. The decision was contested in a public interest litigation, with the petitioner objecting to the conferral of the award and its posthumous mention of Bose, saying that honoring a personality higher than the award is "ridiculous", and it was an act of "carelessness" to classify such a person with past and future recipients. It was also contested that the award cannot be conferred to Bose posthumously as the Government had not officially accepted his death on 18 August 1945. The petitioner requested the whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 to date, based on the information collected by the 1956 Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970 Khosla Commission. Bose's family also declined to accept the award.

The Supreme Court formed a special two-judge division bench to adjudicate the case. The Solicitor General noted that to confer the award per the appropriate regulations pertaining to the Bharat Ratna, the name of the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered in the recipients register maintained under the direction of the president. It was noted that only an announcement had been made by press communique, but the government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing the name in the Gazette and entering the name in the register with the president having not conferred a Sanad (certificate). On 4 August 1997, the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the award had not been officially conferred, it cannot be revoked and declared that the press communique be treated as cancelled with the court declining to pass any judgement on the posthumous mention of Bose and his death.

Awards as "titles" (1992)

In 1992, two PILs were filed in the High Courts; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court on 24 August 1992. Both petitions questioned the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution. On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards. A special five-judge division bench of the Supreme Court was formed, which restored the awards and delivered a judgement that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution" on 15 December 1995.

Rao and Tendulkar (2013)

hockey]] player of all time, Chand has not been conferred the Bharat Ratna

Following the announcement, in November 2013, that C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, multiple litigations were filed challenging the awards. The litigation against Tendulkar to the Election Commission indicated that the awarding him was a violation of the model code of conduct as Tendulkar was an Indian National Congress nominated member of Rajya Sabha and the decision to award him would influence the voters of five states where elections were underway at the time. On 4 December 2013, the Election Commission rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on people from non-polling states did not amount to a violation of the code.

Another litigation was filed against then-prime minister Manmohan Singh, home minister Sushilkumar Shinde and sports minister Bhanwar Jitendra Singh for conferring of the award on Tendulkar, alleging an apparent "conspiracy to ignore" the famed Indian field hockey player Dhyan Chand. The litigation filed against Rao declared that other Indian scientists, such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai, had contributed more than Rao, his claim of publishing 1400 research papers was "physically impossible" and Rao had proven cases of plagiarism, hence the announcement should be annulled. The High Courts rejected all the petitions raised against Rao and Tendulkar.

Criticism

In 1977, the decision by then-prime minister Indira Gandhi to posthumously honor former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu K. Kamaraj was criticized to have been aimed at placating the voters before the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977. In 1988, the decision by then-prime minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–89) to confer the award posthumously on former chief minister of Tamil Nadu, M. G. Ramachandran was criticized to have been aimed to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989. The decision was also criticized for awarding Ramachandran before prominent independence activists B. R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel, who were bestowed the honor later in 1990 and 1991 respectively. Later, then-prime minister V.P. Singh was criticized for posthumously honoring B. R. Ambedkar, apparently in a bid to please the Dalit voters. Later, Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award.

The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who died before the Indian independence in 1947 or before the award was instituted in 1954, have been criticized by various authors and historians, stating that such conferments could lead to more demands to honor people like Maurya emperor Ashoka, Mughal emperor Akbar, Maratha emperor Shivaji, poet Rabindranath Tagore, Hindu spiritualist Swami Vivekananda, independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and father of the nation Mahatma Gandhi. In 1991, then-prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao was criticized for bestowing the award upon Sardar Patel in 1991, 41 years after his death in 1950; and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992, who purportedly died in 1945. In 2015, the prime minister Narendra Modi's decision to award Madan Mohan Malaviya, who died in 1946, close to the local body elections in Uttar Pradesh was also met with criticism.

A few of the conferments have been criticized for honoring personalities only after they received global recognition. The award for Mother Teresa was announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year. In 1999, Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna, a year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

List of recipients

YearImageRecipientState / CountryLife spanNotes
1954[[File:Chakravarthi_Rajagopalachari.jpg100px]]C. RajagopalachariTamil Nadu1878–1972Rajagopalachari was an independence activist, who served as the last Governor-General of India from 1948 to 50). Earlier, he served as the first governor of West Bengal in 1947–48. He was the home minister in the first Nehru cabinet succeeding Sardar Vallabhai Patel in 1950. He served as the chief minister of Madras Presidency from 1937 to 1939 and later as the chief minister of Madras State between 1952 and 1954. He founded the Swatantra Party in 1959.
[[File:Photograph_of_Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_presented_to_First_Lady_Jacqueline_Kennedy_in_1962.jpg100px]]Sarvepalli RadhakrishnanTamil Nadu1888–1975Radhakrishnan served as the first Vice-President of India from 1952 to 1962 and as the second President of India from 1962 to 1967). Since 1962, his birthday of 5 September is observed annually as Teachers' Day in India.
[[File:Sir_CV_Raman.JPG100px]]C. V. RamanTamil Nadu1888–1970Raman was a physicist known for his work in the field of light scattering. He is known for the discovery of Raman scattering and Raman spectroscopy and was presented the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.
1955[[File:Bhagwan_Das_1969_stamp_of_India_(cropped).jpg100px]]Bhagwan DasUttar Pradesh1869–1958Bhagwan Das was an independence activist, theosophist and educationist. He co-founded Kashi Vidyapith and worked with Madan Mohan Malaviya to establish the Banaras Hindu University.
[[File:Vishveshvarayya_in_his_30's.jpg100px]]M. VisvesvarayaKarnataka1861–1962Visvesvaraya was a civil engineer and statesman. He served as the 19th Diwan of Mysore from 1912 to 1918. His birthday, 15 September, is observed annually as Engineer's Day in India.
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru, 1947.jpg100px]]Jawaharlal NehruUttar Pradesh1889–1964url=http://pmindia.gov.in/en/former-prime-ministers/title=Prime Ministers of Indiapublisher=Prime Minister's Office, Government of Indiaaccess-date=12 May 2014archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009232119/http://pmindia.gov.in/en/former-prime-ministers/archive-date=9 October 2014}}
1957[[File:Pandit_Govind_Ballabh_Pant.jpg100px]]Govind Ballabh PantUttar Pradesh1887–1961Pant was an independence activist and politician, who served as the premier of United Provinces (1937–39, 1946–50) and as the first chief minister of Uttar Pradesh from 1950 to 1954. He served as Union Home Minister from 1955 to 1961.
1958[[File:Dhondo_Karve.jpg100px]]Dhondo Keshav KarveMaharashtra1858–1962Karve was a social reformer and educator, known for his work on education for women and remarriage of Hindu widows. He established the Widow Marriage Association (1883), Hindu Widows Home (1896), and started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University in 1916.
1961[[File:Photograph_of_Dr._Bidhan_Chandra_Roy,_2nd_Chief_Minister_of_West_Bengal.jpg100px]]Bidhan Chandra RoyWest Bengal1882–1962Roy was a physician, politician and educationist. He served as the second Chief Minister of West Bengal from 1948 to 1962 and is known as the "Maker of Modern West Bengal". His birthday on 1 July is observed annually as the National Doctors' Day in India.
[[File:Purushottam Das Tandon 1982 stamp of India.jpg100px]]Purushottam Das TandonUttar Pradesh1882–1962Tandon was an independence activist and politician, who served as the speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from 1937 to 1950. He was actively involved in a campaign to get official language status to Hindi.
1962[[File:Rajendra_Prasad_(Indian_President),_signed_image_for_Walter_Nash_(NZ_Prime_Minister),_1958_(16017609534).jpg100px]]Rajendra PrasadBihar1884–1963Prasad was an independence activist, lawyer and statesman, who was associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar and non-cooperation movement. Became the president of Constituent Assembly of India. He was later elected as the first President of India (1950–62).
1963[[File:President_Zakir_Husain_1998_stamp_of_India_(cropped).jpg100px]]Zakir HusainTelangana1897–1969Husain was an independence activist and philosopher, who served as the Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University (1948–56) and the Governor of Bihar (1957–62). Later, he was elected as second vice-president of India (1962–67) and went on to become the third President of India (1967–69).
[[File:Pandurang Vaman Kane 2022 stamp of India.jpg100px]]Pandurang Vaman KaneMaharashtra1880–1972Kane was an indologist and Sanskrit scholar, known for his five volume literary work, History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India.
1966[[File:Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_(from_stamp).jpg100px]]Lal Bahadur ShastriUttar Pradesh1904–1966Shastri was an independence activist, known for his slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" ("Hail to the Soldier, hail to the Farmer"). He served as second Prime Minister of India (1964–66) and led the country during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
1971[[File:Indira_Gandhi_official_portrait.png100px]]Indira GandhiUttar Pradesh1917–1984url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/11/18/indira-gandhi-iron-lady-indiatitle=Indira Gandhi: Iron Lady of Indiaauthor=Thelikorala, Sulakshinewspaper=Asian Tribunepublisher=World Institute For Asian Studiesdate=18 November 2011access-date=13 September 2015url-status=deadarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101041543/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/11/18/indira-gandhi-iron-lady-indiaarchive-date=1 January 2016df=dmy-all}}
1975[[File:President_V._V._Giri.jpg100px]]V. V. GiriOdisha1894–1980Giri was an independence activist, who organized trade unions and facilitated their participation in the fight for independence. Post-independence, Giri held positions of Governor of Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and Mysore state and other cabinet ministries. He became the first acting president and was eventually elected as the fourth President of India, serving from 1969 to 1974.
1976[[File:K Kamaraj 1976 stamp of India (cropped).jpg100px]]K. KamarajTamil Nadu1903–1975url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htmtitle=Details of terms of successive legislative assemblies constituted under the constitution of Indiapublisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assemblyaccess-date=10 May 2014archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083126/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htmarchive-date=6 October 2014}} He was known as the "King Maker", as he was the president of the Indian National Congress, when electing Lal Bahadur Shastri the prime minister after Nehru's death and Indira Gandhi after Shastri's death, his followers idolized him as "Perunthalaivar" (Great Leader). He is the founder of the Indian political party Indian National Congress (Organisation).
1980[[File:Mother_Teresa_1.jpg100px]]Mother TeresaWest Bengal
(b.Skopje,
North Macedonia)1910–1997Mother Teresa was a Catholic nun and founder of the Missionaries of Charity, a religious congregation, which manages homes for diseased people. She was the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979. She was beatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II and canonised on 4 September 2016 by Pope Francis.
1983[[File:Vinobabhaveji_(cropped).jpg100px]]Vinoba BhaveMaharashtra1895–1982Bhave was an independence activist, social reformer and an associate of Mahatma Gandhi, known for his Bhoodan movement. He was known by the honorific title "Acharya" ("teacher") and was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1958) for his humanitarian work.
1987[[File:Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan.jpg100px]]Abdul Ghaffar KhanPakistan1890–1988Khan was an independence activist, a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and an advocate of Hindu–Muslim unity in the subcontinent. He was known as "Frontier Gandhi" and was part of the Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded the Khudai Khidmatgar ("Red Shirt movement") in 1929.
1988[[File:MGR portrait, from 2017 Stamp.jpg100px]]M. G. RamachandranTamil Nadu1917–1987M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.), the first actor to become the chief minister in the Republic of India, served as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu for over ten years, between 1977 and 1987. Considered one of the greatest political leaders and actors of the state, his followers idolize him as "Puratchi Thalaivar" (Revolutionary Leader). He is the founder of the Indian political party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.
1990[[File:Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg100px]]B. R. AmbedkarMadhya Pradesh1891–1956Ambedkar was a social reformer, lawyer and a Dalit leader, who headed the committee drafting the Indian Constitution while also serving as the first Law Minister of India later. Ambedkar campaigned against the social discrimination of Dalits and the caste system in India. He was associated with the Dalit Buddhist movement after converting to Buddhism on 14 October 1956.
[[File:Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg100px]]Nelson MandelaSouth Africa1918–2013Mandela was the leader of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa and later served as the President of South Africa (1994–99). Often called as the "Gandhi of South Africa", Mandela's African National Congress movement was influenced by Gandhian philosophy. In 1993, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
1991[[File:RajivGandhi.jpg100px]]Rajiv GandhiUttar Pradesh1944–1991Rajiv Gandhi was a pilot turned politician, who served as the sixth Prime Minister of India serving from 1984 to 1989.
[[File:Sardar_patel_(cropped).jpg100px]]Vallabhbhai PatelGujarat1875–1950Patel was an independence activist, who served as the first Deputy Prime Minister of India (1947–50) and home minister. Patel was known as the "Iron Man of India" and by the title of "Sardar" ("Leader") Patel and was instrumental in the accession of the princely states into the Indian union.
[[File:Morarji_Desai_During_his_visit_to_the_United_States_of_America_.jpg100px]]Morarji DesaiGujarat1896–1995url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jul/11spec.htmtitle=When India and Pakistan almost made peacedate=11 July 2001access-date=13 September 2015author=Bhatia, Shyamwork=Rediff.comurl-status=livearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710140448/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jul/11spec.htmarchive-date=10 July 2015df=dmy-all}} Desai had earlier abolished the awards while he was in the office of Prime Minister for it being "worthless and politicised".
1992[[File:Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad.jpg100px]]Abul Kalam AzadWest Bengal1888–1958Azad was an independence activist and politician, who served as the first education minister of India. His birthday on 11 November is observed annually as the National Education Day in India.
[[File:J.R.D._Tata_(1955).jpg100px]]J. R. D. TataMaharashtra1904–1993Tata was an industrialist, philanthropist, and aviation pioneer, who served as the chairman of the business conglomerate Tata Group. He is the founder of various educational and research institutes and businesses.
[[File:Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York_(cropped).jpg100px]]Satyajit RayWest Bengal1922–1992Ray was a film director. He directed his first film Pather Panchali in 1955 and is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema. In 1984, Ray was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema and in 1991, he received Academy Honorary Award.
1997[[File:Gulzarilal_Nanda_1.jpg100px]]Gulzarilal NandaPunjab1898–1998Nanda was an independence activist and politician, who served as the acting Prime Minister of India in 1964 and 1966 and as the deputy chairman of the Planning Commission.
[[File:Aruna_Asaf_Ali_1998_stamp_of_India_(cropped).jpg100px]]Aruna Asaf AliWest Bengal1909–1996Ali was an independence activist, known for hoisting the tricolor flag of India in Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942. Post Independence, she was elected as Delhi's first mayor in 1958.
[[File:A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam.jpg100px]]A. P. J. Abdul KalamTamil Nadu1931–2015SLV III]] and the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program, while working for various space and defence research agencies and has served as the scientific advisor to the defence minister, Secretary for defence research and director of Defence Research and Development Organisation.
1998[[File:M._S._Subbulakshmi_(03).jpg100px]]M. S. SubbulakshmiTamil Nadu1916–2004Subbulakshmi was a Carnatic classical vocalist, known for her songs, religious chantings and compositions. She was the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award for her public service.
[[File:Chidambaram_Subramaniam.jpg100px]]C. SubramaniamTamil Nadu1910–2000Subramaniam was an independence activist and politician, who served as the minister of agriculture from 1964 to 1966 and later as minister of finance and defence. He is known for his contribution towards the Green Revolution in India.
1999[[File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Jayaprakash_Narayan_(cropped).jpg100px]]Jayaprakash NarayanBihar1902–1979Narayan was an independence activist and social reformer. He was commonly referred as "Loknayak" ("People's Leader") and is known for the Total Revolution Movement initiated during the mid-1970s against the then government of India.
[[File:Amartya Sen 2012.jpg100px]]Amartya SenWest Bengalb. 1933Sen is an economist and the winner of the Nobel memorial prize in economic sciences in 1998.
[[File:Gopinath_Bordoloi.jpg100px]]Gopinath BordoloiAssam1890–1950Bordoloi was an independence activist and politician, who served as the first chief minister of Assam (1946–50). His was instrumental in uniting Assam with India when parts of it wanted to accede to Pakistan.
[[File:Ravi_Shankar.jpg100px]]Ravi ShankarUttar Pradesh1920–2012Ravi Shankar was a musician and sitar player. He has won four Grammy Awards and is often considered "the world's best-known exponent of Hindustani classical music".
2001[[File:Lata_Mangeshkar.jpg100px]]Lata MangeshkarMaharashtra1929–2022Mangeshkar was a playback singer, known as the "nightingale of India". She started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages. In 1989, Mangeshkar was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.
[[File:Bismillah_at_Concert1_(edited).jpg100px]]Bismillah KhanBihar1916–2006Khan was a Hindustani classical shehnai player, who played the instrument for more than eight decades and is credited to have brought the instrument to the centre stage of Indian music.
2009[[File:Pandit_Bhimsen_Joshi_(cropped).jpg100px]]Bhimsen JoshiKarnataka1922–2011Joshi was a Hindustani classical vocalist, who was a disciple of Kirana gharana and is widely known for the Khyal genre of singing.
2014[[File:Chintamani_Nagesa_Ramachandra_Rao_03650.JPG100px]]C. N. R. RaoKarnatakab. 1934Rao is a chemist and a scientist specializing in solid state chemistry. He has honorary doctorates from 86 universities and has authored around 1,800 research publications and 56 books.
[[File:Sachin-Tendulkar_(cropped).jpg100px]]Sachin TendulkarMaharashtrab. 1973Tendulkar is a cricketer, who is regarded as one of the greatest batters of all time. Having debuted in 1989, Tendulkar played 664 international cricket matches, scoring more than 34,000 in a career spanning over two decades and holds various cricket records.
2015[[File:Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_(crop_2).jpg100px]]Atal Bihari VajpayeeMadhya Pradesh1924–2018minister of external affairs]] during 1977–79.
[[File:Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya ji Smiling.jpgframeless116x116px]]Madan Mohan MalaviyaUttar Pradesh1861–1946Malaviya was a scholar and educational reformer, who founded the Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha (1906) and Banaras Hindu University, while serving as the university's vice-chancellor from 1919 until 1938. He was the President of Indian National Congress for four terms and was the chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.
2019[[File:Pranab_Mukherjee_Portrait_(cropped).jpg100px]]Pranab MukherjeeWest Bengal1935–2020Mukherjee was a politician who served as the 13th President of India from 2012 until 2017. In a career spanning five decades, Mukherjee had been a leader of the Indian National Congress and had occupied several ministerial portfolios in the Government of India. Prior to his election as President, he was finance minister from 2009 to 2012.
[[File:Dr._Bhupen_Hazarika,_Assam,_India.jpg100px]]Bhupen HazarikaAssam1926–2011Hazarika was a playback singer, lyricist, musician, poet and film-maker, widely known as Sudhakantha. His songs, written and sung mainly in the Assamese language by himself, are themed around universal justice and peace and have been translated and sung in many languages.
[[File:Nanaji Deshmukh 2017 stamp of India.jpg100px]]Nanaji DeshmukhMaharashtra1916–2010Deshmukh was a social activist and politician, who worked in the fields of education, health, and rural self-reliance. He was a leader of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh and also served as a member of the Rajya Sabha.
2024[[File:Karpoori Thakur 1991 stamp of India.jpg100px]]Karpoori ThakurBihar1924–1988Thakur was a politician, who served two terms as the 11th Chief Minister of Bihar, from 1970 to 1971, and from 1977 to 1979. In 1978, he introduced the reservation policy in state government jobs.
[[File:Lkadvani.jpg100px]]L. K. AdvaniDelhib. 1927Advani is a politician who served as the 7th Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004. He is one of the co-founders of Bharatiya Janata Party and is credited with scripting the rise of the BJP as a major political force through the Ram Janmabhoomi Movement. He is popularly known as "Loh Purush" (Iron Man).
[[File:P. V. Narasimha Rao.JPG100px]]P. V. Narasimha RaoTelangana1921–2004date=9 February 2024title=Bharat Ratna for former PMs PV Narasimha Rao, Chaudhary Charan Singh and scientist MS Swaminathan: PM Modiurl=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-pms-narasimha-rao-chaudhary-charan-singh-and-ms-swaminathan-to-get-bharat-ratna-pm-modi-101707462720479.htmlaccess-date=9 February 2024newspaper=Hindustan Times}} He is known for introducing various liberal reforms to India's economy.
[[File:Prime minister Charan Singh.jpg100px]]Charan SinghUttar Pradesh1902–1987date=9 February 2024title=Bharat Ratna for P.V. Narasimha Rao, M.S. Swaminathan, Charan Singhurl=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bharat-ratna-for-pv-narasimha-rao-ms-swaminathan/article67828381.eceaccess-date=9 February 2024newspaper=The Hinduissn=0971-751X}} He is known as the "Champion of India's peasants". He is credited for bringing radical land reform measures and bringing uniformity in the farm sector. These reforms were implemented through the Debt Redemption Bill, the Land Holding Act, and the Zamindari Abolition Act. He was the founder of the political party Lokdal in 1980.
[[File:Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan - Kolkata 2013-01-07 2674.JPG100px]]M. S. SwaminathanTamil Nadu1925–2023Swaminathan was an Indian agronomist, geneticist and administrator, who was a global leader of the green revolution. He was one of the major architects of green revolution in India known for his leadership and role in introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice.

Explanatory notes

References

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