Beriah Green

Early life

Greene was born in Preston, Connecticut, eldest of six children born to Beriah Green (1774–1865) and Elizabeth Smith (1771–1840).{{cite book

The family moved to Pawlet, Vermont, in 1810,{{cite encyclopedia |access-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190304/https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DGPS%26u%3D%26id%3DGALE%7CBT2310012424%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr&prodId=GPS |url-status=live

Career

Because of financial need, he began teaching at Phillips Academy, also in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1820. Suffering from health and vision problems, he left the seminary. After recovering, in January 1821 he married Marcia Deming of Middlebury, Vermont, and was briefly in the service of the Missionary Board in Lyme, Connecticut, and on Long Island. Having been ordained, in 1823 he became pastor of the Congregational Church in Brandon, Vermont.{{cite book

The buildings of this "Yale of the West" — Green calls it that{{cite news |orig-year=November 5, 1832 |access-date=July 17, 2019 |archive-date=July 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717175506/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33944204/abolitionist_letter_by_beriah_green/ |url-status=live — imitated those of Yale College. It had the same motto, "Lux et Veritas" (Light and Truth), the same entrance standards, and almost the same curriculum. It aspired to be as intellectually outstanding as Yale as well. For the time, it was well funded. It was a prestigious appointment.

The topic of slavery

In the Cleveland area (the "Connecticut Western Reserve") Beriah came in contact with more African Americans than he had in Vermont or Maine. The college first admitted an African-American student in 1832, John Sykes Fayette; he graduated in 1836.{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221010435/http://blog.case.edu/archives/2011/02/17/john_sykes_fayette |archive-date=December 21, 2018 |url-status=dead

Sending free blacks to Africa ("colonization") was the mission of the American Colonization Society (ACS), founded by Quakers, and supported by state colonization societies and Southern slave owners. Free blacks were against it; they did not want to move to Africa, having lived for generations in the United States. They said they were no more African than the white Americans were British.

The debate started by Garrison's newspapers and book led to a heated campus debate. "Trustees, faculty, and students began to choose sides." College president Charles Backus Storrs, who had recommended Green, a contemporary of his at Andover Theological Seminary, had been a supporter of colonization as a solution to "the negro problem". But he too read The Liberator, and he said that Garrison's views could not be refuted. His inaugural address, in February 1831, invoked the abolitionism of William Wilberforce.

The influential Theodore Weld made a visit to Western Reserve in the fall of 1832. "Less than two months aftef Weld departed, Green was preaching abolitionism from the college pulpit." Green used the college chapel four Sundays in a row to attack the American Colonization Society and its supporters. This angered many trustees and clergymen.

The four sermons on slavery

Green's four sermons on slavery, delivered in November and December 1832, constitute a turning point of national significance.

One of the duties, or honors, of his job was delivering the weekly sermon from the pulpit of the college chapel:

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As fellow professor Elizur Wright wrote, Green was "pastor of our college church".{{cite news |author-link=Elizur Wright |access-date=July 24, 2019 |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724141226/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34035537/letter_from_elizur_wright_re_mr/ |url-status=live

In his sermons, Green took the position, unusual in his day, that negroes were the equals of whites, and the victims of irrational prejudice based on no more than the color of their skin. These sermons created "a rumpus" on the campus. Some people walked out of the first sermon, and they and more refused to hear the following sermons.

Green, who frequently published pamphlets, had the four sermons published.{{cite book

They were influential nationally, contributing to the foundation, the following year, of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Green presided over its founding meeting, and was chosen as its first President.{{cite journal

The Oneida Institute

Expecting to be fired, Green resigned in 1833 and became the President of the Oneida Institute, a Presbyterian institution in Whitesboro, New York. Green accepted the presidency at Oneida on two conditions: that he be allowed to preach immediatism (the immediate abolition of slavery), and that he be allowed to accept African-American students.

As President, Green dramatically changed the college by accepting numerous African Americans, more than any other college during the 1830s and 1840s. Green did not believe that it was right to have separate schools for blacks and whites. This belief led him to attempt to get Gerrit Smith to merge his unsuccessful black manual labor school in Peterboro with the Oneida Institute, and it made Oneida a hotspot for abolitionist activity. Many future black leaders and abolitionists were students at Oneida while Green was president. These include William Forten, Alexander Crummell, Rev. Henry Highland Garnet, William G. Allen, Jermain Wesley Loguen, and Rev. Amos Noë Freeman.

In 1832, Green began to correspond with Gerrit Smith on the issue of black education. The two men became very close friends and much of what is known about Green is known from their letters. The two men worked together toward the goal of abolition. They continued correspondence until 1872, when they stopped writing because of long-held disagreements about civil government and political abolition.

Green was chosen as president of the organizational meeting of the American Anti-Slavery Society, formed in 1833 in Philadelphia.{{cite book

Green engaged in a series of public debates in Utica with Joseph H. Danforth of the American Colonization Society, about whether free Blacks should emigrate to Africa. The debates were followed by "riotous proceedings," and Green was hung in effigy.{{cite news

In 1835, Green and his friend Alvan Stewart convinced Gerrit Smith to come to an organizational meeting for a New York Anti-Slavery Society, which they had called, in Utica. An anti-abolitionist mob, including Congressman Samuel Beardsley and other "principal citizens", "reviled the participants" and forced the convention to adjourn. At Smith's invitation they continued their meeting in his home, in nearby Peterboro, New York.{{cite book |url-access=registration

Decline and closure of the Oneida Institute

The Panic of 1837 hit the Oneida Institute hard — its benefactors the Tappan brothers were ruined and unable to fulfill their pledges — and the college began to decline. Green also had begun to lose favor with conservative Presbyterians, which added to Oneida's troubles. Green led the secession of 59 church members from the Presbyterian church in Whitesboro because "the Oneida Presbytery was guilty of the crime of slave holding."{{cite book

In 1844, the Oneida Institute closed, and the campus was sold to the Free Will Baptists. Green then became an active supporter of the Liberty Party. This was a third party that was completely devoted to the abolition of slavery, and nominated Smith for the office of President. After the party failed to make an impact on American politics, Green became bitter with the democratic process. He did not like popular democracy and was in favor of an oligarchy or modified theocracy. Unlike many Liberty Party members, Green did not join the Free Soil Party. He was worried that abolition would not be part of the major party principles.

After fellow abolitionists did not support his ideas about government, Green became resentful and did not travel far from Whitesboro. He supported his wife and children by farming and preaching to small groups of abolitionists.

He died on May 4, 1874, while giving a speech on temperance in Whitesboro.

Judgments about Green

His student William E. Allen said Green "is a profound scholar, an original thinker, and, better and greater than all these, a sincere and devoted Christian. To the strength and vigor of a man, he adds the gentleness and tenderness of a woman."{{cite news |access-date=July 23, 2019 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190336/https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/may864909 |url-status=live

Charles Stuart, another contemporary, seeking to raise funds for the Institute: "The labors of President Green in the antislavery cause, in the way of lectures, and the use of the press, have been various, indefatiguable, abundant, in the face of evils and proscriptions of various kinds, and eminently successful. He has all alone shone himself a man for emergencies. On such occasions, whoever else may have done it, Beriah Green has never been known to flee or flinch. The result is that the Institute has always been in the midst of a hard struggle — in establishing and sustaining itself as a manual labor college, second in defense of its course of study, and last, not least, in its [abolitionist] vindication and defense of the rights of humanity.{{cite news

According to Milton Sernett, author of Abolition's Axe: Beriah Green, Oneida Institute, and the Black Freedom Struggle, the only book on Green, "Green's erratic personality, acerbic tongue, and lack of political acumen were just as responsible for the closing of the institute as were problems with conservative trustees and the withdrawal of financial support from several key funding sources." "Although known during his lifetime as a 'fanatic' by many, Green has been more aptly described as a 'radical humanitarian'. Indeed, his life was a testimony to his beliefs. In the final analysis, he forfeited wealth, reputation, friends, and ultimately respectability for 'the cause'."

Legacy

In 2016 Green was inducted into the National Abolition Hall of Fame, Peterboro, New York.

Writings

• Books
  • According to Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography, Green published in Albany, 1823, a History of the Quakers. No other information has been found about this book.
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• Pamphlets and articles

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• Published letters
  • Letter to Theodore Weld, October 1832{{cite book
  • Letter to Simeon Jocelyn, November 5, 1832{{cite news

References

References

1. Brown, Justus Newton. (July 1916). "Lovejoy's Influence on John Brown".