Beitillu

Location of Al-Ittihad

Al-Itihad is located 12.5 km northwest of Ramallah. Al-Itihad is bordered by Kobar and Al-Zaytouneh to the east, Deir Abu Mash'al, Deir Nidham and 'Abud to the north, Shabtin and Deir Qaddis to the west, and Ras Karkar, Kharbatha Bani Harith, Al-Zaytouneh and Al Janiya to the south.

History

Sherds from Iron Age II/ Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Umayyad, Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk era have been found at Beitillu. Finkelstein and Lederman mention remains of ancient structures, most of them in the village's east, and note that the Mandatory DOA documented ancient quarries here.

Abel, Klein and Safrai all identified Beitillu with Ayyalon, a place mentioned in Midrash Vayisau. Yoel Elitzur asserts that the name Beitillu may be derived from "Bethel", the name of several Israelite settlements of the Iron Age, including the well-known Bethel in Benjamin and another one listed in Judah. He proposed that Beitillu might be the site of Bethel in Mount Ephraim, which the Book of Judges (4:5) mentions as being close to the Palm of Deborah.

Prawer and Benvenisti associated Beitillu with a medieval site bearing the same name, which, according to Mayer, belonged to the monastery of Mons Gaudii (Nebi Samwil).

Ottoman era

Beitillu appeared in the 1596 Ottoman tax registers as Bayt Illu, in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 30 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olive trees, vineyards and fruit trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 14,500 Akçe.

In 1838 Beit Ello was noted as Muslim village in the Beni Harith district, north of Jerusalem.Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2nd Appendix, p. 124 Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, p. 66

French explorer Victor Guérin visited Beit-Illou in 1870, and he estimated that the village had about 800 inhabitants. He also noted that it had "magnificent trees" to the north. Guérin´s population estimate fits well with an official Ottoman village list from about 1870, which showed that Beit Oula had 100 houses and a population of 430, although it only counted the men.

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Beit Ello as a "village of moderate size on high ground, among olives, with a well to the south-east, and a spring and a tank on the north-east".

In 1896 the population of Bet Illo was estimated to be about 588 persons.

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Baitilla had a population of 252 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to a population of 440, still all Muslim, in 98 houses.

In the 1945 statistics the population of Beitillu was 490 Muslims, with 13,409 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. 5,825 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 1,681 dunams for cereals, while 58 dunams were built-up (urban) land.

Jordanian era

After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Beitillu was under Jordanian rule from 1948 until 1967.

In 1961, the population was 1,535 persons.

post-1967

Beitillu came under Israeli occupation after the 1967 Six-Day War. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 848, of whom 174 originated from the Israeli territory.

After the 1995 accords, 41.2% of Al-Ittihad‘s land was classified as Area B and the remaining 58.8% as Area C. Israel has confiscated 858 dunams of land from Al-Ittihad for the construction of 4 Israeli settlements: Nahl'iel, Na'aleh, Talmon and Hallamish.

Much of the villagers' traditional land, springs, gardens with olive and fig trees, near the Israeli settlement of Nachliel cannot be accessed, according to Amira Hass, because their way is barred by soldiers or settlers, often with dogs:-

One villager complained:

In February 2011, three Beitillu houses were vandalised by anonymous graffiti artists who painted slogans like 'Muhammad is a pig' on their walls, probably as a price tag policy retaliation for the forced evacuation of a settler outpost near Kiryat Arba.

References

Bibliography

References

1. (February 2018). "Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017". [[State of Palestine]].
2. Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/226/mode/1up 226]
3. [http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/AL-Itihad_tp_en.pdf Al-Itihad Town Profile (Beitillu, Jammala & Deir 'Ammar)], ARIJ, pp. 4-5
4. Finkelstein and Lederman, 1997, p. 374
5. Finkelstein, Israel. (1997). "Highlands of Many Cultures". Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Publications Section.
6. Raviv, Dvir. (2021). "זיהויה של רמתים: בירת טופארכיה מן התקופה החשמונאית". Judea and Samaria Research Studies.
7. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 114
8. Guérin, 1875, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n112/mode/1up 85]-86
9. Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/148/mode/1up 148]. It was also noted that it was in the ''Beni Harit'' district
10. Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n934/mode/1up 126] also noted 100 houses
11. Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/293/mode/1up 293]
12. Schick, 1896, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde19deut#page/n229/mode/1up 122]
13. Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramallah, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n18/mode/1up 16]
14. Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 47]
15. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p26.jpg 26]
16. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Ramallah/Page-064.jpg 64]
17. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Ramallah/Page-111.jpg 111]
18. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Ramallah/Page-161.jpg 161]
19. Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p24.pdf 24] It was further noted (note 2) that it was governed by a [[mukhtar]].
20. Perlmann, Joel. (November 2011 – February 2012). "The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version".
21. [http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/AL-Itihad_tp_en.pdf Al-Itihad Town Profile (Beitillu, Jammala & Deir 'Ammar)], ARIJ, pp. 16-17
22. [[Amira Hass]], [https://www.haaretz.com/news/features/uprooting-palestinian-trees-and-lives.premium-1.451306 'Uprooting Palestinian trees - and lives,'] at [[Haaretz]], 16 July 2012
23. Elior Levy, [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4028049,00.html 'Muhammad is a pig' scribbled on Palestinian homes,'] at [[Ynet]], 13 February 2011.