Aysheaia

Anatomy

Aysheaia has ten body segments, each of which has a pair of spiked, annulate legs. The animal is segmented, and looks somewhat like a bloated caterpillar with a few spines added on — including six finger-like projections around the mouth and two grasping limbs on the "head". Each leg has a subterminal row of about six curved claws. No jaw apparatus is evident. A pair of legs marks the posterior end of the body, unlike in onychophorans where the anus projects posteriad; this may be an adaptation to the terrestrial habit. | access-date = 2022-08-21

Ecology

Some specimens of Aysheaia have been found associated with sponges, though this does not provide direct evidence of diet.

Affinity

Aysheaia is a lobopodian, an extinct phylum of marine animals that are similar to modern terrestrial Onychophora (velvet worms). Notable differences are the lack of jaws and antennae, possible lack of visual organs, and the terminal mouth.

Distribution

Aysheaia is known from fossils found in the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia. Similar taxa are known from the lower Cambrian Maotianshan shales of China. Other than the 20 specimens from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprise 2% of the community, only 19 specimens of A. pedunculata are known. A. prolata was described as a separate species from the similarly-aged Wheeler Shale Formation of Utah but in fact represents the frontal appendage of a Stanleycaris-like radiodont.

History of research

Description by Walcott (1911)

Aysheaia was described by Walcott in his 1911 work on annelid worms; Walcott imagined that a head (not observed) was present to support a polychaete affinity. His attention was soon drawn to the organism's resemblance to velvet worms, which was supported by other early researchers (1920s–30s) who also recognized a similarity with the onychophora,* Brues, C. T. 1923. The geographical distribution of the Onychophora. American Naturalist, 57: 210–217.

• Walton, L. B. 1927. The polychaete ancestry of the insects. American Naturalist, 61: 226–250.
• Hutchinson, G. E. 1930. Restudy of some Burgess Shale fossils. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 78(11): 59.
• Walcott, C. D. 1931. Addenda to descriptions of Burgess Shale fossils. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 85(3): 1–46. although because Aysheaia does not fall within the range of living onychophora, it has also been allocated to a phylum of its own. Nevertheless, an Onychophoran affinity represented the common opinion until the fossil was redescribed in the late 1970s.

Major redescription by Whittington, 1978

In the 1970s, Whittington undertook a thorough redescription, and associated Aysheaia with the tardigrade lineage concept promoted a couple of years earlier by Delle Cave and Simonetta, Thus, his interpretation places Aysheaia in the stem group to Tardigrada + Onychophora, although the view at the time was that these two modern phyla represented a group within a polyphyletic Arthropoda. A possible link to Xenusion was also brought up, although at this time the affinities of this group were unclear, and a link to the rangeomorphs had been proposed.

Response to Whittington (1980s)

The response to Whittington's redescription can be loosely classed into three camps: one school, predominantly Bergström, downplayed the similarities to the Onychophora and focussed on the Tardigrade interpretation; whereas others (after Simonetta and Delle Cave) recognized a group of lobopods containing Onychophora, Tardigrada, and Aysheaia (with features of both). Robison preferred to interpret Onychophora as the sister group to Arthropoda, and placed Aysheaia in the Onychophoran stem group in a taxon called Protonychophora (solely containing Aysheaia). These were differentiated from Euonychophora (the crown group) by the number of lobopod legs and claws, the unusual head appendages, the absence of eyes, jaws, antennae and slime glands, the morphology of the rear of the body, and the terminal mouth.

Modern era

Later work uncovered further material of Xenusion and relatives, particularly from the Chinese fossil deposits. In light of the cladistic revolution of the 1990s, Aysheaia and its relatives were recognized as early offshoots of the lineage leading to arthropods and onychophorans.

Looking from the opposite direction, Budd points out that there are no characters that exclude Aysheaia from the Arthropoda. It may be premature to assign Aysheaia to the Onychophora over Arthropoda, as it lacks any distinctive features of the onychophoran crown group; rather, both Onychophora and Arthropoda may have arisen from animals resembling Aysheaia and its kin. Budd sees Aysheaia-like organisms as representing a paraphyletic grade from which both modern onychophoran and arthropods evolved. The specialised first appendage pair of Aysheaia may be the same as the frontal appendages of Dinocaridida, possibly placing it near this clade.

Etymology

The genus name commemorates a mountain peak named "Ayesha" due north of the Wapta Glacier. This peak was originally named Aysha in the 1904 maps of the region, and was renamed Ayesha after the heroine of Rider Haggard's 1887 novel She.

References

References

1. (16 November 1978). "The Lobopod animal ''Aysheaia pedunculata'' Walcott, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia". [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences]].
2. Frood, Arran. (June 2008). "Palaeobiology: The Cambrian smorgasbord". Nature.
3. Bourdreaux, H. Bruce. (1979). "Arthropoda phylogeny with special reference to insects". Wiley.
4. (1985). "Affinities of ''Aysheaia'' (Onychophora), with Description of a New Cambrian Species". Paleontological Society.
5. (October 2006). "Taphonomy of the Greater Phyllopod Bed community, Burgess Shale". Palaios.
6. (2017). "''Aysheaia prolata'' from the Utah Wheeler Formation (Drumian, Cambrian) is a frontal appendage of the radiodontan ''Stanleycaris''". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.
7. (1958). "The Evolution of the Arthropoda". Biological Reviews.
8. Delle Cave, L. and A. M. Simonetta (1975). "Notes on the morphology and taxonomic position of ''Aysheaia'' (Onycophora?) and of ''Skania'' (undetermined phylum)". ''Monitore Zoologico Italiano'', 9: 67–81.
9. and first proposed in 1958.Tiegs, O. W. and S. M. Manton (1958). "The evolution of the Arthropoda". ''Biological Reviews'', 33(3): 255–333.
10. (2001). "Tardigrades as 'Stem-Group Arthropods': The Evidence from the Cambrian Fauna". Zoologischer Anzeiger.
11. (2009). "The origin and evolution of arthropods". Nature.
12. (2001). "Why are arthropods segmented?". Evolution and Development.
13. (2006). "A large xenusiid lobopod with complex appendages from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.
14. (13 December 2023). "A large pelagic lobopodian from the Cambrian Pioche Shale of Nevada". Journal of Paleontology.
15. "Ayesha Peak". [[British Columbia Geographical Names Information System]].