Austin Bradford Hill

Early life

Hill was born in London on 8 July 1897. He was one of the sons of Sir Leonard Erskine Hill FRS, a distinguished physiologist, and Janet Alexander. He was the grandson of noted scholar George Birkbeck Hill. As a child he lived at the family home, Osborne House, Loughton, Essex; he was educated at Chigwell School, Essex. He served as a pilot in the First World War but was invalided out when he contracted tuberculosis. Two years in hospital and two years of convalescence put a medical qualification out of the question and he took a degree in economics by correspondence at London University.

Career

In 1922, Hill went to work for the Industry Fatigue Research Board. He was associated with the medical statistician Major Greenwood and, to improve his statistical knowledge, Hill attended lectures by Karl Pearson. When Greenwood accepted a chair at the newly formed London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Hill moved with him, becoming Reader in Epidemiology and Vital Statistics in 1933 and Professor of Medical Statistics in 1947. In 1947, he was appointed Honorary Director of the Medical Research Council's Statistical Research Unit.

Hill had a distinguished career in research and teaching and as author of a very successful textbook, Principles of Medical Statistics, but he is famous for two landmark studies. He was the statistician on the Medical Research Council Streptomycin in Tuberculosis Trials Committee and their study evaluating the use of streptomycin in treating tuberculosis, is generally accepted as the first modern randomised clinical trial. The use of randomisation in agricultural experiments had been pioneered by Ronald Aylmer Fisher. The second study was rather a series of studies with Richard Doll on smoking and lung cancer. The first paper, published in 1950, was a case-control study comparing lung cancer patients with matched controls. Doll and Hill also started a long-term prospective study of smoking and health. This was an investigation of the smoking habits and health of 40,701 British doctors for several years (British doctors study). Fisher was in profound disagreement with the conclusions and procedures of the smoking/cancer work and from 1957 he criticised the work in the press and in academic publications.

In 1965, built upon the work of Hume and Popper, Hill suggested several aspects of causality in medicine and biology, which have remained in use by epidemiologists to date.

On Hill's death in 1991, Peter Armitage wrote, "to anyone involved in medical statistics, epidemiology or public health, Bradford Hill was quite simply the world's leading medical statistician."

Honours

In 1950–52, Hill was president of the Royal Statistical Society. He was awarded its Guy Medal in Gold in 1953, and the Harben Gold Medal of the Institute of Public Health and Hygiene. The Society awards a medal in the field of medical statistics in Hill's name.

Hill was made a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1954. Fisher was one of the proposers. The certificate of election read:

He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1951 Birthday Honours and knighted in the 1961 Birthday Honours.

Bibliography

• "Principles of Medical Statistics" (1937) London: The Lancet, 1937.
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Notes

References

References

1. (May 1991). "Obituary: Sir Austin Bradford Hill, 1897–1991". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society).
2. (1993). "Austin Bradford Hill, 1897–1991". Statistics in Medicine.
3. (1994). "Austin Bradford Hill. 8 July 1897 – 18 April 1991". [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]].
4. Hill, Austin Bradford. (1965). "The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?". [[Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine]].
5. (2010). "Woods and Russell, Hill, and the emergence of medical statistics". Statistics in Medicine.
6. (1991). "Obituary: Sir Austin Bradford Hill, 1897–1991". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.
7. (November 1994). "Austin Bradford Hill, 8 July 1897 - 18 April 1991". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.
8. (1998). "Use of randomisation in the Medical Research Council's clinical trial of streptomycin in pulmonary tuberculosis in the 1940s". BMJ.
9. "Past presidents". Royal Statistical Society.
10. "Previous recipients of Gold Medals". Royal Statistical Society.
11. "Bradford Hill Medal". Royal Statistical Society.
12. {{London Gazette. (1 June 1951)
13. {{London Gazette. (2 June 1961)