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Athlete biological passport

Electronic record for athletes

Athlete biological passport
Summary

Electronic record for athletes

An athlete biological passport is an individual electronic record for professional athletes, in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time. Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athlete's established levels outside permissible limits, rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances.

Although the terminology athlete passport is recent, the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping. Maybe the first marker of doping that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood but instead the induced deviations in biological parameters is the testosterone over epitestosterone ratio (T/E). The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples. A decade later, in 1997, markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations, such as the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) and the Federation Internationale de Ski, to deter the abuse of recombinant erythropoietin that was undetectable by direct means at that time.

In 2002 the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term "athlete passport". The advantages were listed in a science journal paper. and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency.

While a new drug test must be developed and validated for each new drug, the advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the natural stability of the physiology of the human being. There can be a lag of between the availability of a new drug and the development of an effective test. In contrast, the physiology of the human being remains the same through several generations and all biomarkers developed today in the athlete passport will remain valid for at least several decades. For example, the blood module of the passport is already sensitive today to any new future form of recombinant erythropoietin, as well as to any form of gene doping that will enhance oxygen transfer to the muscles. Also, while a negative drug test does not necessarily mean that the athlete did not dope, the athlete can present their passport at the beginning of a competition to attest that they will compete in their natural, unaltered condition.

The athlete passport was widely covered in the media when the blood module was established at the beginning of the 2008 racing season by the world cycling federation, the UCI. In May 2008 the UCI revealed that 23 riders were under suspicion of doping following the first phase of blood tests conducted under the new biological passport.

The blood module of the athlete passport aims to detect any form of blood doping, the steroid module any form of doping with anabolic steroid and the endocrine module any modification of the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis. Each of these modules are however at different steps of development, validation and application in sports.

Athlete biological passport testing

According to the World Anti-Doping Agency, the athlete biological passport is administered to establish whether an athlete is manipulating their physiological variables without detecting a particular substance or method. The biological passport uses the standardized approach of urine sampling to determine steroid abuse. The objective of this testing is to identify athletes in a haematological module and a steroidal module.

The haematological module tests for certain markers in the body that identify the enhancement of oxygen transport. The specific markers the module tests for include haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell count, percentage of reticulocytes, reticulocytes count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean red cell distribution width, and immature reticulocyte fraction.

The steroidal module collects information on markers for steroid doping and aims to identify endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. The specific markers the module tests for include testosterone, epitestosterone, the testosterone/epitestosterone ratio, androsterone, and etiocholanolone.

The World Anti-Doping Agency recently released the 2014 Prohibited Substances list and it will take effect on 1 January. In the new list, the agency modified the definitions of exogenous and endogenous steroids being tested for in the steroidal module of the biological passport.

Cycling

Ricardo Serrano]] was one of the five first riders that UCI opened a biological passport case against, in 2009.<ref>Gregor Brown: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-names-first-five-biological-passport-violators UCI names first five biological passport violators], cyclingnews.com, 18 June 2009</ref>

Whereabouts rules

Under the new rules, registered riders have to give the Union Cycliste Internationale daily information about their location and provide a one-hour window for possible testing. They have to submit a form every quarter-year saying where they will be every day of the next quarter and they must notify the UCI if they change their whereabouts on any day. This means the whereabouts information provided in the whereabouts filings is accurate and sufficient in detail to enable any relevant Anti-Doping Organization to locate the riders for testing on any given day in that period of time.

Cyclists sanctioned on basis of biological passports

The biological passport programme has allowed the UCI to sanction riders for committing an anti-doping rule violation. Riders have also been targeted with further doping controls based on their biological passport.

NameTeamCountryEventStart of disqualificationSanctionSanction
announcedIneligibility startingIneligibility endingReference(s)
António AmorimPortugalRoad racing24 July 20102 years ineligibility10 July 201314 April 2015
Igor AstarloaSpainRoad racing15 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility1 Dec. 201026 Nov. 201025 Nov. 2012
Carlos Barredo,SpainRoad racing17 Oct. 2007
–24 Sept. 2011,
only2 years ineligibilityJuly 201418 Oct 201217 Oct 2014url=http://www.uci.ch/Modules/BUILTIN/getObject.asp?MenuId=MTU3Mjg&ObjTypeCode=FILE&type=FILE&id=Nzk5OTY&LangId=1title=UCI Doping Suspensionsauthor=UCIpublisher=UCI.chdate=10 July 2014url-status=deadarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715214800/http://www.uci.ch/Modules/BUILTIN/getObject.asp?MenuId=MTU3Mjg&ObjTypeCode=FILE&type=FILE&id=Nzk5OTY&LangId=1archive-date=15 July 2014}}
Leonardo Bertagnolli, ,ItalyRoad racing1 Jan. 2003
–18 May 20112 years and 10 months ineligibilityJuly 201424 Nov. 2013
Pietro CaucchioliItalyRoad racing18 June 20092 years ineligibility3 June 201018 June 200917 June 2011url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/03/news/cas-upholds-biological-passport-slaps-pellizotti-and-cauchioli-with-2-year-bans_162823title=CAS upholds biological passport, slaps Pellizotti and Caucchioli with 2-year banspublisher=VeloNewsdate=8 March 2011}}
Francesco De Bonis,ItalyRoad racing18 June 20092 years ineligibilityMay 201018 June 200917 June 2011url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/8827/CAS-dismisses-doping-ban-appeal-by-De-Bonis-over-biological-passport.aspxtitle=CAS dismisses doping ban appeal by De Bonis over biological passportauthor=Shane Stokespublisher=Velonation.comdate=22 June 2011}}
Leif HosteBelgiumRoad racing2 years ineligibility29 Mar. 201329 Dec. 2015
Rubén LobatoSaunier Duval–ScottSpainRoad racing16 July 20102 years ineligibilityJuly 201016 July 201015 July 2012
Denis Menchov,RussiaRoad racing2009, 2010 & 2012 TdF,
only2 years ineligibilityJuly 201410 April 20149 April 2015
Franco PellizottiItalyRoad racing7 May 20092 years ineligibilityMarch 20113 May 20102 May 2012
Sérgio RibeiroPortugalRoad racing12 years ineligibility (2nd ARDV)14 July 2025
Ricardo SerranoSpainRoad racing7 May 20092 years ineligibility17 June 20107 May 20096 May 2011url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/4574/Biological-Passport-Ricardo-Serrano-given-two-year-suspension-by-RFEC-for-EPO-use.aspxtitle=Biological Passport: Ricardo Serrano given two-year suspension by RFEC for EPO usepublisher=Velonation.comdate=17 June 2010}}
Jonathan Tiernan-Locke/United KingdomRoad racing2012 Tour of Britain & 2012 UCI Worlds,
only2 years ineligibilityJuly 201431 Dec. 201331 Dec. 2015
Tadej ValjavecRoad racing19 April
–30 Sept. 2009,
only2 years ineligibilityApril 201120 Jan. 201119 Jan. 2013url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/apr/22/biological-passport-tadaj-valjavec-bantitle='Biological passport' pays off as Tadej Valjavec receives two-year banwork=The Guardiandate=22 April 2011}}

During the first three years of UCI's bio passport program 26 riders were found positive for EPO. In 20 out of the 26 cases, it was the abnormal blood profile which raised suspicions leading to a targeted doping test.

  • Manuel Beltrán (Liquigas) tested positive for EPO at the 2008 Tour de France in a targeted test after anomalies appeared in a blood sample taken at the start of the Tour. The pre Tour blood samples were collected by the French Anti-doping Agency (AFLD) and the results from the testings were submitted to the UCI to form part of their database of profiles for their biological passport programme.
  • Gabriele Bosisio (LPR Brakes-Ballan) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in September 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction.
  • Antonio Colom (Team Katusha) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in April 2009, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction.
  • Thomas Dekker (Rabobank) tested positive for EPO in a retroactive test carried out on a urine sample taken in December 2007. Dekker's hematological profile led the UCI to review the EPO analyses for urine samples conducted since the introduction of the biological passport programme.
  • Danilo Di Luca (LPR Brakes-Ballan) tested positive for CERA twice during the 2009 Giro d'Italia after being targeted under the biological passport programme.
  • Alberto Fernández de la Puebla (Fuji–Servetto) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in October 2009, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction.
  • David George (MTB) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control 29 August 2012, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme of the South African Institute for Drug-Free Sport (the South African national Anti-doping agency). He admitted to having used EPO and received a two-year sanction.
  • Massimo Giunti (Androni Giocattoli) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in February 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction.
  • Eddy Ratti (De Rosa-Stac Plastic) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in January 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction.
  • Manuel Vázquez Hueso (Andalucía-Cajasur) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in March 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction.

Athletics

The International Association of Athletics Federations, now known as World Athletics, introduced their Athletes Biological Passport programme in 2009, and announced the first sanction under the passport in May 2012. He received a four-year suspension in May 2012.{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=64099fcf-1e9a-444d-97d9-ea03d79fd4c5.pdf&urlslug=List%20of%20athletes%20currently%20serving%20a%20period%20of%20ineligibility%20as%20a%20result%20of%20an%20Anti-Doping%20Rule%20Violation%20under%20IAAF%20Rules

Track and field athletes sanctioned on basis of biological passports

NameCountryEventDate of infraction/
Start of disqualificationSanctionSanction
announcedIneligibility
startingIneligibility
endingReference(s)
Inga AbitovaFRussiaMarathon10 Oct. 20092 years ineligibility7 Nov. 201211 Oct 201210 Oct. 2014
Anna AlminovaFRussia1500 m16 Feb. 20092 years and 6 months ineligibility30 July 201416 Dec. 201115 May 2014
Aslı Çakır AlptekinF1500 m29 July 20108 years ineligibility (2nd ADRV)17 Aug. 201510 Jan. 20139 Jan. 2021
Elena ArzhakovaFRussia800 m, 1500 m12 July 20112 years ineligibility30 April 201329 Jan. 201328 Jan. 2015
Ahmed BadayMLong-distance26 March 20102 years ineligibility6 March 201531 Dec. 201430 Dec. 2016
Sergey BakulinMRussiaRace walking25 Jan. 20113 years and 2 months ineligibility20 Jan. 201524 Dec. 2012
Yassine BensghirMMiddle-distance7 June 20144 years ineligibility25 July 201612 April. 201611 April 2020
Alemitu BekeleF5000 m17 Aug. 20092 years and 9 months ineligibility (Reduced from 4 years{{cite webtitle = Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 11.1.13website = iaaf.orgpublisher = IAAFaccess-date = 8 February 2015}})16 Jan. 20133 March 2012
Petr BogatyrevMRussiaRace walking12 July 20112 years ineligibility26 March 201416 Oct. 201315 Oct. 2015
Valeriy BorchinMRussiaRace walking14 Aug. 20098 years ineligibility20 Jan. 201515 Oct. 2012
Abderrahime BouramdaneMMarathon14 March 20112 years ineligibility28 Oct. 20152 Oct. 20151 Oct. 2017
Yolanda CaballeroFMiddle-/long-distance24 Oct. 20114 years ineligibility25 May. 201628 April. 201427 April 2018
Hafid ChaniMLong-distance19 March 20114 years ineligibility26 June 201511 March 201510 March 2019
Bahar DoğanFMarathon3 June 20112 years and 6 months ineligibility25 Oct. 201531 March 201530 Sept. 2017
Marta DominguezFSpainSteeplechase5 Aug. 20093 years ineligibility19 Nov. 201524 June 201512 Oct. 2017
Hamza DriouchM800 m, 1500 m.2 Aug. 20122 years ineligibility24 Feb. 201531 Dec. 201430 Dec. 2016
Aliaksandra DubliaFMarathon11 Oct. 20132 years ineligibility27 Jan. 201628 Sept. 201527 Sept. 2017
Stanislav EmelyanovMRussiaRace walking26 July 20102 years ineligibility28 July 201415 Dec. 201214 Dec. 2014
Rkia El MoukimMMiddle-/long-distance19 March 20112 years ineligibility19 Feb. 201619 Feb. 201618 Feb. 2018
Najim El QadyMLong-distance19 March 20112 years ineligibility24 June 20168 June. 20167 June 2018
Meryem ErdoğanFLong-distance27 July 20102 years ineligibility25 July 201214 Feb. 2014
Miguel Ángel GamonalMSpainHalf marathon3 years ineligibility (2nd ADRV)28 Oct. 201526 Oct. 201525 Oct. 2018
Abderrahim GoumriMMarathon22 April 20094 years ineligibility25 July 201214 March 2016
Yelizaveta GrechishnikovaFRussia5000 m18 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility3 Dec. 201316 Oct. 201315 Oct. 2015
Lidiya GrigoryevaFRussiaLong-distance17 Feb. 20092 years and 6 months ineligibility24 June 201616 Feb. 201615 Aug. 2018
Halima HachlafF800 m.14 Oct. 20134 years ineligibility24 April 201419 Dec. 201318 Dec. 2017
Tetyana Hamera-ShmyrkoFMarathon26 Aug. 20114 years ineligibility20 Nov. 201530 Sept. 201529 Sept. 2019
Hussain Al-HamdahM5000 m.26 March 20092 years and 6 months ineligibility25 Feb. 201515 Feb. 201314 Aug. 2015
Ekaterina Ishova (née Gorbunova)FRussia1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m.12. July 20112 years ineligibility3 Dec. 201323 Oct. 201322 Oct. 2015
Stéphane JolyMSwitzerlandCross country14 Oct. 20102 years ineligibility5 June 201329 April 201328 April 2015
Vladimir KanaykinMRussiaRace walking25 January 20118 years20 Jan. 201517 Dec. 201216 Dec. 2020
Olga KaniskinaFRussiaRace walking15 August 20093 years and 2 months ineligibility20 Jan. 201515 Oct. 2012
Natallia KareivaF1500 m.28 July 20102 years ineligibility29 Sept. 201422 Aug. 201421 Aug. 2016
Ümmü KirazFMarathon3 June 20112 years and 6 months ineligibility25 Oct. 201531 March 201530 Sept. 2017
Svetlana KireyevaFRussiaLong-distance26 June 20122 years ineligibility27 Jan. 20164 June 20153 June 2017
Sergey KirdyapkinMRussiaRace walking20 August 20093 years and 2 months ineligibility20 Jan. 201515 Oct. 2012
Svetlana KlyukaFRussia800 m.15 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility25 July 20129 Feb. 2014
Eirini KokkinariouFSteeplechase2 July 20094 years ineligibility25 July 201227 Oct. 201126 Oct. 2015
Mariya KonovalovaFRussiaMarathonAug. 20092 years ineligibility5 Nov. 201527 Oct. 201526 Oct. 2017
Yekaterina KostetskayaFRussia800 m, 1500 m.30 Aug. 20112 years ineligibility28 July 201421 Jan. 201320 Jan. 2015
Alena KudashkinaFRussiaLong-distance9 July 20122 years and 6 months ineligibility24 June 201623 Sept. 201522 March 2018
Abdelhadi LabäliMMiddle-distance9 July 20122 years ineligibility25 May. 201627 April. 201626 April 2018
Mikhail LemaevMRussiaMarathon20 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility26 Feb. 201330 Jan. 201329 Jan. 2015
Anna LukyanovaFRussiaRace walking19 July 20102 years ineligibility19 Feb. 201626 Nov. 201525 Nov. 2017
Irina MarachevaFRussia800 m.26 June 20122 years ineligibility19 Feb. 201623 Jan. 201522 Jan. 2017
Ildar MinshinMRussiaSteeplechase15 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility21 Sept. 201625 Aug. 201624 Aug. 2018
Anna MishchenkoF800 m./1500m./3000 m.28 June 20122 years ineligibility19 Feb. 201618 Aug. 201517 Aug. 2017
Tatyana MineevaFRussiaRace walking12 Nov. 20112 years ineligibility14 Dec. 201216 Nov. 2014
Marco MorgadoMPortugalCross country running29 Oct. 20116 years ineligibility25 Feb. 201424 Feb. 201324 Feb. 2019
Sergey MorozovMRussiaRace walking25 Feb. 2011Life ban18 Dec. 2012Life ban
(2nd ARDV)
Semiha MutluFRace walking20 Aug. 20112 years and 6 months ineligibility25 Oct. 20153 March 20152 Sept. 2017
Maria NikolaevaFRussia400 m./800 m.18 Feb. 20154 years ineligibility19 Feb. 20161 Oct. 201530 Sept. 2019
Ilja NikolajevMMarathon16 April 20132 years ineligibility12 May 20153 Feb. 20152 Feb. 2017
Maksym Cerrone ObrubanskyyMItaly1500 m, 3000 m. 5000 m.17 Feb. 20134 years ineligibility25 Feb. 201430 May 201329 May 2017
Nina OkhotnikovaFRussiaRace walking21 June 2011
–17 Nov. 20112 years ineligibility17 March 201522 Jan. 201521 Jan. 2017
Hélder OrnelasMPortugalMarathon8 March 20104 years ineligibility2 May 201212 Jan. 2016
Hanane OuhaddouFSteeplechase14 August 20092 years ineligibility7 June 2014
Tetiana PetlyukF800 m.18 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility5 April 201319 Feb. 2015
Meliz RedifF400 m.26 June 20123 years ineligibility25 Oct. 201531 March 201530 March 2018
José RochaMPortugalLong-distance11 Dec. 20102 years ineligibility28 Feb. 201425 March 201324 March 2015
Yuliya RubanFMarathon8 March 20122 years ineligibility29 May 201525 Feb. 201524 Feb. 2017
Yuliya RusanovaFRussia800 m.3 March 20112 years ineligibility26 Feb. 201328 Jan. 201327 Jan. 2015
Andrey RuzavinMRussiaRace walking18 Dec. 2011
–18 Feb. 2012
13 Sept. 2013
–13 Nov 20132 years and 6 months ineligibility17 March 20159 Oct. 20148 April 2017
Pınar SakaF400 m.18 June 20103 years ineligibility28 Jan. 20143 June 20132 June 2016
Mohammed ShaweenM1500 m.12 June 20113 years ineligibility28 July 201413 Feb. 201312 Feb. 2016
Anzhelika ShevchenkoF1500 m.2 July 20112 years ineligibility5 April 201317 Feb. 2015
Liliya ShobukhovaFRussiaMarathon9 Oct. 20092 years and 7 months (Reduced from 3 years and 2 months by WADA after first being extended from 2 years by CAS)29 April 201422 Jan. 201323 Aug. 2015
Fernando SilvaMPortugalCross country running29 Oct. 20118 years ineligibility26 Feb. 201424 Sept. 201323 Sept. 2021
Svitlana ShmidtFMiddle-distance8 March 20124 years ineligibility30 April 201517 March 201516 March 2019
Olesya SyrevaFRussia1500 m, 3000 m.3 March 20112 years ineligibility26 Feb. 20131 Feb. 201331 Jan. 2015
Irina TimofeyevaFRussiaMarathon10 Oct. 20092 years ineligibility21 Sept. 20166 Sept. 20165 Sept. 2018
Wang JialiFChinaMarathon29 May 20122 years ineligibility25 Feb. 201426 Feb. 201325 Feb. 2015
Nevin YanitFSprinting, hurdling28 June 20123 years ineligibility6 March 20156 March 20135 March 2016
Igor YerokhinMRussiaRace walking25 Feb. 2011Life ban24 Sept. 2013Life ban
(2nd ARDV)
Lyudmyla YosypenkoFHeptathlon25 Aug. 20114 years ineligibility24 Sept. 201327 March 201326 March 2017
Nailiya YulamanovaFRussiaMarathon2 years ineligibility25 July 20129 Feb. 2014
Yuliya ZaripovaFRussiaSteeplechase20 July 20112 years and 6 months ineligibility30 Jan. 201525 July 2013
Yevgeniya ZinurovaFRussia800 m.6 March 20102 years ineligibility25 July 201212 Sept. 2013

In March 2014, the Spanish athletics federation cleared Marta Dominguez in a bio passport case. El País reported that IAAF were going to take the case to CAS. In February 2014, IAAF announced they would appeal Aslı Çakır Alptekin's ABP-related doping case to CAS after the Turkish federation had cleared her. IAAF also suspended her provisionally. An IAAF spokesperson in January 2015 confirmed that Russian race walker Sergey Bakulin was provisionally suspended since December 2012 in an ABP related doping case. IAAF otherwise doesn't publicly announce provisional suspensions. In February 2015 Turkish press reported that Ümmü Kiraz, Bahar Doğan, Semiha Mutlu and Meliz Redif were under investigation in bio passport cases.

Triathlon

In 2012 USADA sanctioned the American triathlete Mark Fretta "after variations in his individual longitudinal blood profile as well as other documentary evidence indicated the use of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents".{{cite web |url=http://www.usada.org/u-s-triathlon-athlete-fretta-receives-sanction-for-anti-doping-rule-violation/ |title=U.S. Triathlon Athlete, Fretta, Receives Sanction for Anti-Doping Rule Violation |publisher=USADA |date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112102101/http://www.usada.org/u-s-triathlon-athlete-fretta-receives-sanction-for-anti-doping-rule-violation/ |archive-date=12 November 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=3 September 2016}} Fretta received a four-year ban,

Football (soccer)

In 2014, the biological passport was introduced in the 2014 FIFA World Cup; blood and urine samples from all players before the competition and from two players per team and per match were analysed by the Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses.

Notes

References

References

  1. [[Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses]]. "Information on the athlete biological passport".
  2. Ashenden M.. (March 2002). "A strategy to detect doping in sports". Haematologica.
  3. "Q-A on the athlete passport". World Anti-Doping Agency.
  4. "Implementation of blood passport by UCI". UCI.
  5. Richard Moore. (3 May 2008). "Blood tests cast doubt on 23 riders". The Guardian.
  6. (22 July 2014). "Ressources". Agence mondiale antidopage.
  7. (22 July 2014). "Ressources". Agence mondiale antidopage.
  8. Gregor Brown: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-names-first-five-biological-passport-violators UCI names first five biological passport violators], cyclingnews.com, 18 June 2009
  9. (November 2016)
  10. [https://expresso.sapo.pt/ciclista-antonio-amorim-suspenso-devido-a-irregularidades-no-passaporte-biologico=f819502 Ciclista António Amorim suspenso devido à irregularidades no passaporte biológico], expresso.sapo.pt, 10 July 2013
  11. [http://www.dopeology.org/incidents/Amorim-bio-passport/ Amorim bio-passport 10/07/2013 Violation #1101], dopeology.org
  12. Barry Ryan. (December 2010). "Astarloa suspended and fined for UCI biological passport infraction". Cyclingnews.com.
  13. Andrew Hood: [http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/12/news/former-world-champion-igor-astarloa-suspended-and-fined-based-on-biological-passport-doping-charges_151512 Former world champion Igor Astarloa suspended and fined based on ‘biological passport’ doping charges], velonews.com, 1 December 2010
  14. UCI: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121818/http://62.50.72.83/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails2011.asp?id=NzE1NA&MenuId=MTI2Mjc&LangId=1&BackLink=%2Ftemplates%2FUCI%2FUCI7%2Flayout.asp%3FMenuId%3DMTI2Mjc&LangId=1&7602120X12X45Page=83 Press release – Biological Passport: Igor Astarloa Askasibar sanctioned], uci.ch, 1 December 2010
  15. UCI. (10 July 2014). "UCI Doping Suspensions". UCI.ch.
  16. Stepen Farrand: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/pietro-caucchioli-banned-for-two-years/ Pietro Caucchioli banned for two years Italian sanctioned after suspicious UCI Biological Passport data], cyclingnews.com, 3 June 2010
  17. (8 March 2011). "CAS upholds biological passport, slaps Pellizotti and Caucchioli with 2-year bans". VeloNews.
  18. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307234940/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-48856820100527 De Bonis first to be banned based on biological passport], Reuters, 27 May 2010
  19. Shane Stokes. (22 June 2011). "CAS dismisses doping ban appeal by De Bonis over biological passport". Velonation.com.
  20. Associated Press: [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/2010-07-27-ruben-lobato-banned_N.htm Spanish cyclist Ruben Lobato handed 2-year doping ban], USA Today, 27 July 2010
  21. [http://www.uci.ch/Modules/BUILTIN/getObject.asp?MenuId=&ObjTypeCode=FILE&type=FILE&id=NjY5MTA&LangId=1 UCI: Sanctions, Period of Ineligibily, Disqualification Sanctions, Période de Suspension, Disqualification]
  22. (4 August 2013). "Ribeiro handed 12-year ban by Portuguese federation".
  23. (17 June 2010). "Biological Passport: Ricardo Serrano given two-year suspension by RFEC for EPO use". Velonation.com.
  24. "Team Sky's Jonathan Tiernan-Locke gets two-year doping ban". BBC Sport.
  25. (22 April 2011). "'Biological passport' pays off as Tadej Valjavec receives two-year ban". The Guardian.
  26. Dr. Dick Marty, Peter Nicholson, Dr. Ulrich Haas – Cycling Independent Reform Commission: Report to the President of the Union Cycliste Internationale, p.53
  27. [http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/134/Liquigas-risk-Tour-expulsion-as-Beltran-tests-positive.aspx Liquigas risk Tour expulsion as Beltran tests positive], velonation.com, 11 July 2008
  28. Associated Press: [https://www.espn.com/olympics/cycling/news/story?id=5142121 Bosisio suspended for two years], espn.com, 28 April 2010
  29. (27 May 2010). "Biological Passport: Antonio Colom sanctioned for two years, given large fine". Velonation.com.
  30. Susan Westemeyer. (1 July 2009). "Dekker caught under biological passport programme". cyclingnews.com.
  31. Daniel Simms: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/di-luca-positive-for-cera-in-giro http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/di-luca-positive-for-cera-in-giro], cyclingnews.com, 22 July 2009
  32. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/5888037/Danilo-Di-Luca-suspended-after-failing-drug-tests-during-Giro-dItalia.html Danilo Di Luca suspended after failing drug tests during Giro d'Italia], The Telegraph, 22 July 2009
  33. [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/de-la-puebla-ramos-nabbed-by-passport-program De La Puebla Ramos nabbed by passport program], cyclingnews.com, 5 November 2009
  34. Richard Tyler: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-suspends-larpe-colo-for-drug-positives UCI suspends Larpe, Coló for drug positives], cyclingnews.com, 21 May 2010
  35. [https://www.espn.com/sports/endurance/story/_/id/8713183/former-lance-armstrong-teammate-david-george-banned-2-years David George gets 2-year ban], espn.com 5 December 2012
  36. [http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/13229/Former-US-Postal-rider-David-George-tests-positive-for-EPO.aspx Former US Postal rider David George tests positive for EPO], velonation.com 6 November 2012
  37. Stephen Farrand and Richard Tyler: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/giunti-tests-positive-for-epo-suspended Giunti tests positive for EPO, suspended], cyclingnews.com, 11 March 2010
  38. Agence France-Presse: [http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/10/news/davide-rebellin-eladio-jimenez-sanchez-and-massimo-giunti-draw-two-year-suspensions_144312 Davide Rebellin, Eladio Jimenez Sanchez and Massimo Giunti draw two-year suspensions] {{Webarchive. link. (4 March 2016 , velones.com, 2 October 2010)
  39. Richard Tyler: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/ratti-tests-positive-for-epo Ratti tests positive for EPO], cyclingnews.com, 13 February 2010
  40. Sébastien Toussaint: [http://www.cyclingcoverage.com/news/rider-news/article.php?id=374 Eddy Ratti suspended by the CONI for two years], cyclingcoverage.com, 2 April 2010
  41. [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/vazquez-hueso-suspended-for-epo-use Vazquez Hueso suspended for EPO use], cyclingnews.com, 26 April 2010
  42. (2 May 2012). "Runner banned in doping case".
  43. (25 July 2012). "Six new athletes sanctioned under the IAAF Athlete Biological Passport programme". IAAF.
  44. IAAF: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120503230658/http://www.iaaf.org/antidoping/news/newsid%3D64772.html First doping violation concluded in Athletics on the basis of the Athlete Biological Passport], iaaf.org (via web.archive.org), 2 May 2012
  45. "IAAF News Edition 138 – 18 December 2012, Athletes sanctioned for a doping offence since the last newsletter, According to information received by the IAAF as of 13 December 2012". iaaf.org.
  46. (30 July 2014). "Doping sanctions – News 154 Positive cases in athletics Sanctioned according to information received by the IAAF as of 26 June 2014". IAAF.
  47. [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/aug/17/asli-cakir-alptekin-london-2012-1500m-stripped-gold-medal-doping Turkey’s Asli Cakir Alptekin stripped of Olympic 1500m title for doping], The Guardian
  48. CAS: [http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_3498.pdf MEDIA RELEASE ATHLETICS SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT IN THE CASE OF IAAF V. TURKISH ATHLETIC FEDERATION AND ASLI CAKIR-ALPTEKIN], tas-cas.org
  49. IAAF: [http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=cf40123c-5eb3-41dc-aa3f-0e390bb346b2.pdf&urlslug=List%20of%20athletes%20currently%20serving%20a%20period%20of%20ineligibility%20as%20a%20result%20of%20an%20anti-doping%20rule%20violation%20under%20IAAF%20rules Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 27.08.15], iaaf.org
  50. IAAF: [http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=ad3b75a2-47df-4d74-b322-30eda316049e.pdf&urlslug=List%20of%20athletes%20currently%20serving%20a%20period%20of%20ineligibility%20as%20a%20result%20of%20an%20Anti-Doping%20Rule%20Violation%20under%20IAAF%20Rules Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 06.03.15], 6 March 2015
  51. IAAF: [http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=83cd1850-0a01-4a1c-a93a-31d069aeae5a.pdf&urlslug=Doping%20sanctions%20-%20News%20161 Positive cases in athletics Sanctioned according to information received by the IAAF as of 27 March 2015], iaaf.org, 31 March 2015
  52. RUSADA: [http://www.rusada.ru/press/news/informatsiya-o-diskvalifikatsii-legkaya-atletika-39 Информация о дисквалификации: легкая атлетика] {{Webarchive. link. (20 January 2015 , 20 January 2015)
  53. Gregor Brown: [http://velonews.competitor.com/2015/03/news/kreuziger-faces-difficult-defense-based-wada-cas-history_362167 Kreuziger faces difficult defense based on WADA and CAS history], Velonews, 4 March 2015
  54. (19 November 2015). "Tribunal Arbitral du Sport Court of Arbitration for Sport MEDIA RELEASE ATHLETICS – ANTI-DOPING MARTA DOMINGUEZ BANNED FOR 3 YEARS BY THE COURT OF ARBITRATION FOR SPORT (CAS)". Court of Arbitration for Sport.
  55. Associated Press: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150224154904/http://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/qatari-middle-distance-runner-given-two-year-doping-ban/2015/02/24/e9b4ca90-bc18-11e4-9dfb-03366e719af8_story.html Qatari middle-distance runner given two-year doping ban], Washington Post, 24 February 2015
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  60. [http://uaf.org.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11445:rishennia-vykonkomu-flau-iakyi-vidbuvsia-v-lutsku-20-lystopada-2015-roku&catid=40:uanews Рішення Виконкому ФЛАУ, який відбувся в Луцьку 20 листопада 2015 року], uaf.org.ua, 20 November 2015
  61. [https://sports.yahoo.com/news/2-saudi-athletes-banned-doping-185931009--spt.html 2 Saudi athletes banned for doping offenses] {{Webarchive. link. (5 April 2015 , Yahoo! Sports, 22 November 2013)
  62. [http://www.srf.ch/sport/mehr-sport/leichtathletik/dopingsperre-gegen-stephane-joly Dopingsperre gegen Stéphane Joly ], Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen, 5 June 2015
  63. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140925014251/http://www.antidoping.ch/en/laws-and-regulations/suspended-athletes Suspended Athletes], antidoping.ch
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  65. [https://www.si.com/more-sports/2015/11/05/russian-doping-athletics-maria-konovalova-banned-two-years Report: Russia’s Maria Konovalova banned two years for doping], Sports Illustrated, 5 November 2015
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  67. [http://sport.postimees.ee/3187065/nikolajevile-ja-vedehinile-maarati-pikad-voistluskeelud Nikolajevile ja Vedehinile määrati pikad võistluskeelud], Postimees, 12 May 2015
  68. Associated Press: [https://www.espn.com/espn/wire?section=trackandfield&id=12499914 2 more Russian race walker banned for doping violations], espn.com, 17 March 2015
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  72. Dmitriy Rogovitskiy: [https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/news/russian-walker-ruzavin-banned-doping-135902652--spt.html Russian walker Ruzavin banned for doping], ca.sports.yahoo.com, 17 March 2015
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  74. Peter Gambaccini: [http://www.runnersworld.com/general-interest/liliya-shobukhova-gets-two-year-doping-ban Liliya Shobukhova Gets Two-Year Doping Ban], Runners World & Running Times, 29 April 2014
  75. Philip Hersh: [http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-shobukhova-doping-losing-marathon-titles-20150806-story.html Finally official: Liliya Shobukhova losing three Chicago Marathon titles], The Chicago Tribune, 6 August 2015
  76. WADA: [https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2015-08/wada-statement-regarding-liliya-shobukhovas-sanction WADA Statement regarding Liliya Shobukhova’s Sanction] {{Webarchive. link. (6 October 2015 , wada-ama.org, 24 August 2015)
  77. [http://uaf.org.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10826:dyskvalifikatsii&catid=40:uanews Дискваліфікації], uaf.org.ua, 30 April 2014
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  79. Court of Arbitration for Sport: [http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_3373.pdf Nevin Yanit's suspension increased from 2 years to 3 years], cas-tas.org, 6 March 2015
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  85. [http://cep.hurriyet.com.tr/detay/28322144 Bir doping vakası daha Uluslararası Atletizm Federasyonu (IAAF) ve Uluslararası Anti Doping Ajansı (WADA), Türkiye Atletizm Federasyonu'na 4 atletin biyolojik pasaportunda doping tespit ettiğini bildirdi. Alınan bilgilere göre bu sayı artabilir...] {{Webarchive. link. (2 April 2015 , Hürriyet, 28 February 2015)
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