Arizona Territory

History

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Following the expansion of the New Mexico Territory in 1853, as a result of the Gadsden Purchase, there were several proposals for the organization of a separate Territory of Arizona. These proposals arose from concerns about the ability of the territorial government in Santa Fe to effectively administer the newly acquired southern portions of the territory.

At a conference held in Tucson on August 29, 1856, an initial petition was issued to the U.S. Congress, signed by 256 people, requesting organization of the territory and elected Nathan P. Cook as the territorial delegate to Congress. In January 1857, the bill for the organization of the territory was introduced into the House of Representatives; the proposal was defeated on the grounds that the population of the proposed territory was too small. A similar proposal was defeated in the Senate. The proposal for creation of the territory was controversial in part because of the perception that the New Mexico Territory was under the influence of southern sympathizers who wanted to expand slavery into the southwest.

In February 1858, the New Mexico territorial legislature adopted a resolution in favor of the creation of the Arizona territory, but with a north–south border along the 109th meridian, with the additional stipulation that all the Indians of New Mexico would be removed to northern Arizona.

In April 1860, impatient for Congress to act, a convention of 31 delegates met in Tucson and adopted a constitution for a provisional territorial government of the area south of 34°N. The delegates elected Dr. Lewis S. Owings as provisional governor.

American Civil War

At the outbreak of the Civil War, sentiment in the territory was in favor of the Confederacy. Territorial secession conventions called at Mesilla and Tucson in March 1861 adopted an ordinance of secession, established a provisional Arizona Territory with Owings as its governor, and petitioned the Confederate Congress for admission.

The Confederacy regarded the territory as a valuable route for possible access to the Pacific Ocean, with the specific intention of capturing California. In July 1861, a small Confederate force of Texans under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John R. Baylor assaulted Fort Fillmore at Mesilla in the eastern part of the territory. After the fort was abandoned by the Union garrison, Baylor's force cut off the fleeing Union troops and forced them to surrender. On August 1, 1861, Baylor issued a "Proclamation to the People of the Territory of Arizona", taking possession of the territory for the Confederacy, with Mesilla as the capital and himself as the governor, establishing Confederate Arizona. Baylor's subsequent dismantling of the existing Union forts in the territory left the white settlers at the mercy of the Apache, who quickly gained control of the area and forced many of the white settlers to seek refuge in Tucson.

On August 28, a convention met again in Tucson and declared that the territory formed the previous year was part of the Confederacy. Granville H. Oury was elected as delegate to the Confederate Congress. Oury drafted legislation authorizing the organization of the Confederate Territory of Arizona. The legislation passed on January 13, 1862, and the territory was officially created by proclamation of President Jefferson Davis on February 14.

The following month, in March 1862, the U.S. House of Representatives, now devoid of the southern delegates and controlled by Republicans, passed a bill to create the United States Arizona Territory using the north–south border of the 109th meridian. The use of a north–south border rather than an east–west one denied a de facto ratification of the Confederate Arizona Territory. The house bill stipulated that Tucson was to be the capital. The final bill passed the Senate in February 1863 without the Tucson-as-capital stipulation, and was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on February 24, the date of the official organization of the U.S. Arizona Territory.

Capital

Main article: Arizona Territory capitals

The first capital was established in 1864 at Prescott, in the northern Union-controlled area. The capital was moved to Tucson in 1868, and back to Prescott in 1877. The capital was finally moved to Phoenix on February 4, 1889.

Boundary

The boundaries for the original territory, if they had kept their same size, would have made present-day Las Vegas part of Arizona. In 1867, though, Congress transferred the Arizona Territory's northwestern corner, specifically most of its land west of the Colorado River, to the state of Nevada. This reduced the territory to its current area.

Statehood

The territory was admitted to the Union as the 48th state on February 14, 1912.

Territorial proclamation

Proclamation to the People of Arizona.

A preliminary census will forthwith be taken, and thereafter the Judicial Districts will be formed, and an election of members of the Legislative Assembly, and the other officers provided by the Act be ordered.

I invoke the aid and cooperation of all Citizens of the Territory in my efforts to establish a government whereby the security of life and property will be maintained throughout its limits, and its varied resources be rapidly and successfully developed.

The Seat of Government will, for the present, be at or near Fort Whipple.

Signed at Navajo Springs, Arizona

December 29, 1863 |author=By the Governor: Richard C. McCormick, Secretary of the Territory }}

References

References

1. {{USStat. 12. 664
2. "Population of the States and Counties of the United States: 1790–1990". [[United States Census Bureau]].
3. [http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/st/~paulb/uscivilwar/ Paul Bisceglia, Arizona's Role in the Civil War, University of San Diego. History 173 – U.S. Civil War] {{Webarchive. link. (2008-07-19 from http://history.sandiego.edu {{Webarchive). link. (2019-01-30 accessed September 29, 2018.)
4. D. Morritt, Robert. (June 28, 2017). "The Lure of Olde Arizona". [[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]].
5. Storm Miller, Aragorn. (April 8, 2014). "Owings, Lewis Solomon".
6. Colton, Ray C.: ''The Civil War...'', pp. 15–19.
7. Wagoner, Jay J.. (1970). "Arizona Territory 1863–1912: A Political history". University of Arizona Press.
8. Wagoner, Jay J.. (1970). "Arizona Territory 1863–1912: A Political history". University of Arizona Press.
9. (2008). "Early Phoenix". Arcadia Publishing.
10. "History". Lincoln County Nevada.
11. Wagoner pp. 32–33 & front piece