Argentan

History

Early history

Argentan is situated near the river Orne. Although the region was heavily populated during the Gallo Roman period the town is not mentioned in any texts until the 11th century. The toponym comes from the Gaulish words argentos ("silver") and magos ("market"). The town grew in importance during the Middle Ages.

Middle Ages

The towns fortifications were built or rebuilt on Gallic or Gallo-Roman remains by the order of Rollo "the Walker" first duke of Normandy. The town was then besieged in 1046, by Henry I of France attempting to seize the Norman duchy, destroying its ramparts and setting them on fire. 48 years later in 1094, Roger the Poitevin was sent by William II of England to defend the town and castle against Philip I of France, but Roger surrendered on the first day of the siege.

In 1106 after the Battle of Tinchebray, Henry I of England decided to rebuild and expand the fortifications, building an outer and inner set of walls, a keep and the first incarnation of the chateau des ducs. In 1199 the town came under the control of John, King of England who held court that year in the town over Christmas. However it was with John for only a short period as Philip II of France took control in 1203, a year before taking the rest of Normandy.

1356 saw the English take control of the town from Charles I de Montmorency, had the domain of Argentan, as part of the Hundred Years' War. The English abandoned the town 4 years later, and the domaine fell to Marie de Montmorency, who then sold the domaine to Pierre II, Count of Alençon in 1372. Pierre had built several chapels in the town and the version of the chateau des ducs that is still standing today.

In 1417, the English under Henry V took control of Argentan after the Siege of Caen. The English stayed in control of the town until 1449, when Charles VII of France took control of Normandy and ended the Hundred year war in 1453.

Francis II, Duke of Brittany arrived in 1465 and seized the town in protest of the plans of King Louis XI, to have centralised state in France, as part of the War of the Public Weal. Louis XI immediately recaptured the castle and made duke abandon the king's brother Charles of Valois side, and concluded a treaty with him in the town.

The castle fortifications surrounding the city started to be destroyed by René, Duke of Alençon, in response to getting the lands back that were confiscated from his father by Louis XI. It was also at this time the use of Gunpowder in sieges made the requirement for fortifications unnecessary.

Modern era

The French Wars of Religion saw the town captured by Gaspard II de Coligny and the protestants. The town saw the occupiers forced out in 1574 by Jacques II de Goyon and 6,000 Catholic soldiers.

During the reign of Louis XIV, Colbert, the Minister of state, objected to French aristocrats spending their money on foreign luxuries granted royal privileges to areas in the Orne to make their own lace, with Argentan along with nearby Alençon getting its royal privilege in 1665. This eventually led to the creation of both the point d'Argentan ("Argentan stitch") and the point d'Alençon ("Alençon stitch") which were regarded as the finest lace in France. Argentan became a very important town for traditional industry. It also gained in religious importance with the building of a Benedictine Abbey and two churches, Saint-Martin and Saint-Germain. Several mansions (hôtels particuliers) were also built.

Twentieth Century

During World War I, the French 104th Infantry Regiment/14th Infantry Brigade was stationed at Argentan. It participated in the Battle of Verdun in 1916.

During World War II, the city was almost totally destroyed. On 5 June 1944, on the eve of the Allied D-Day landing on the beaches of Normandy, the city suffered an important air raid in which the train station was destroyed. The city suffered further damage when it was bombed on 6 and 7 June by B-17 and B-24 bombers of the U.S. Eighth Air Force. The greatest part of the city was, however, left in ruins two and a half months later, at the end of August, during the battle of the Argentan-Falaise Pocket. The U.S. Third Army, under the command of general George S. Patton liberated Argentan after eight days of violent combat against the German 9th Panzer Division and the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich. The U.S. 80th Infantry Division liberated the city in the morning of 20 August.

Geography

The commune of Argentan is made up of the town of Argentan and the following villages and hamlets, La Croix de Coulandon, Coulandon and Mauvaisville. The commune is spread over an area of 18.18 km2 with a maximum altitude of 228 m and minimum of 152 m

The town lies on the Greenwich Meridian line which is marked on its Eastern entrance.

Argentan has 5 water courses running through it, three rivers The Orne, The Ure and The Baize and two streams, the Marais de Fleuriel and the Fontaines Thiot.

The commune is within the area known as the Plaine d'Argentan, which is known for its cereal growing fileds and horse stud farms.

Argentan along with another 65 communes is part of a 20,593 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called the Haute vallée de l'Orne et affluents.

Land distribution

According to the 2018 CORINE Land Cover assessment the majority of the land in the commune, 45% is Arable land. 23 % of the land is urbanised with another 13% built upon for Industrial and commercial purposes. The rest of the land is Meadows at 18%, Forests at just 0.11% and 40 ha, 2% of land to Artificial Green spaces.

Location

Argentan is located 180 km NE of Rennes, 131 km ENE of the Mont Saint-Michel, 188 km SE of Cherbourg, 58 km SSE of Caen, 133 km SW of Rouen and 100 km N of Le Mans. Argentan station has rail connections to Caen, Le Mans, Paris and Granville.

Climate

Argentan's Climate is classed as a temperate oceanic climate according to the Köppen–Geiger climate classification.

|Jan record high C = 16.9 |Feb record high C = 21.1 |Mar record high C = 24.4 |Apr record high C = 27 |May record high C = 30 |Jun record high C = 37.2 |Jul record high C = 40.2 |Aug record high C = 38.3 |Sep record high C = 33.4 |Oct record high C = 28.8 |Nov record high C = 21.1 |Dec record high C = 16.6 |year record high C = 40.2 |Jan record low C = -14.7 |Feb record low C = -12.9 |Mar record low C = -9.2 |Apr record low C = -6.6 |May record low C = -2.8 |Jun record low C = 0.1 |Jul record low C = 2.7 |Aug record low C = 2.2 |Sep record low C = 0 |Oct record low C = -6.9 |Nov record low C = -7.7 |Dec record low C = -13

Population

|graph-pos = bottom |1793 |5598 |1800 |5618 |1806 |6013 |1821 |5457 |1836 |5772 |1841 |5611 |1846 |5634 |1851 |5673 |1856 |5833 |1861 |5638 |1866 |5401 |1872 |5725 |1876 |5788 |1881 |6300 |1886 |6285 |1891 |6247 |1896 |6309 |1901 |6291 |1906 |6387 |1911 |6870 |1921 |6753 |1926 |7129 |1931 |7038 |1936 |7204 |1946 |6711 |1954 |8339 |1962 |12757 |1968 |14558 |1975 |16774 |1982 |17327 |1990 |16413 |1999 |16596 |2007 |14642 |2012 |14219 |2017 |13823

Main sights and notable buildings

Museums

• Maison Des Dentelles Museum dedicated to Argentan lace
• Museum of Fernand Léger – André Mare Museum dedicated to Fernand Léger and André Mare, two major 20th century artists from Argentan

National Heritage sites

The Commune has a total of 18 buildings and areas listed as a Monument historique:

• Donjon of Argentan - Ramparts of Argentan built in the Middle Ages by Henri I. It was classed as a Monument historique in 1945.
• Tour Marguerite - a 12th century medieval tower built by Henri I. It was classed as a Monument Historique in 1965.
• Castle of the Dukes - a 14th century castle built by Pierre II of Alençon, it is now a court house. it was classed as a monument historique in 1889. The grounds of the castle houses the 14th century St. Nicholas Chapel, which is also classed as a monument historique.
• Saint Martin church - built in the 16th century it was listed as monument historique in 1862.
• Saint Germain church - 15th century church listed as monument historique in 1889.
• Hotel du Moulin de Fontenelle - 18th Century L-shaped Hotel, added as a monument in 2004.
• Former Hotel Servain - 17th Century Hotel, whose door was added as a monument in 1948.
• Henri IV House - Built in 1623 it served as the town hall from 1722 to 1809, it was classified in 1946.
• Hôtel Ango-de-la-Motte - Former seventeenth century Hotel, it was classified in 1948.
• Three Crosses Column - erected in 1771, the three crosses are believed to be either to mark the meeting place of three 12th century kings, commemorate the expulsion of the English in 1450, or to redeem the vandalism of Theodore Beza in 1563.
• Statue of the Virgin - erected in 1648 it was registered in 1934
• Former residence of the Abbess of the Benedictines - erected in 1623 it was built to receive novices from Almenêches Abbey to replace former nuns who died and those who had opposed the establishment of the new customs of the Reformation. It was registered in 1932.
• Count of Lonlay - former 17th century hotel, which was registered in 1948
• Norman house - 14th century house, which was registered in 1948
• Lemonnier house - 14th century house, which was registered in 1948
• Aumont-de-la-Vente Hotel - former 17th century hotel, where James II of England stayed in 1692, during his period of exile. Classed as a Monument historique in 1948.
• Former church of Notre-Dame-de-la-Place - former 12th century church for Medieval pilgrims, that was sold in 1820 and became a dwelling house. It became a monument historique in 1986.

Architecture contemporaine remarquable

The Commune has two buildings listed as being Architecture contemporaine remarquable.

• Hôtel de ville - The city hall was built in 1957 and designed by architect Roland Geffroy, in 2007 it was awarded the Architecture contemporaine remarquable label.
• Église Saint-Michel - Designed by architect Meurice in 1968, in 2004 it was awarded the Architecture contemporaine remarquable label.

Other points of interest

• Les Pâtures d’Argentan is a 13 Hectare Natura 2000 site, part of the Haute vallée de l'Orne et affluents area, in the middle of the town. The site has a lake, La Noé, and features three protected species that are present on the site all year round' the Eurasian otter, the Southwestern water vole and the common bloodroot.
• Carrière de Belle-Eau is an old quarry for the extraction of sand, that was closed shortly after World War two, which was bought by the commune in 1989. In 1995 the area was turned into an 18 960 m2 nature reserve. The site today hosts nearly 200 different species of flora and fauna, including thyme broomrape, Common parsley frog, Smooth newt and leopard marsh orchid.

Gallery

Chapel Saint Nicholas end of 11century.jpg|Chapel Saint Nicholas – built at the end of the 11th century Hôtel du Moulin de Tercey, 2 rue Saint-Martin.jpg|Hôtel du Moulin de Tercey, 2 rue Saint-Martin Donjon of argentan, built by Henry II of England.jpg|Donjon of Argentan, built by Henry II of England Argentan - Saint Germain Church - 1.JPG|Saint Germain church (built 16th–18th centuries) Argentan - Tour Marguerite.JPG|Tour Marguerite is the only surviving medieval tower Église Saint-Martin d'Argentan.jpg|Saint Martin church, built in the 15th and 16th centuries Hotel Joseph de Laleu 56 rue Saint Martin built in 1651.jpg|Hotel Joseph de Laleu 56 rue Saint Martin built in 1651 FranceNormandieArgentanHotelAngoDeLaMotte.jpg|This hotel particulier was the Nicolas Ango house Abbaye in Argentan now a restaurant.jpg|The former abbey, now a restaurant Argentan - Castle - 2.JPG|Château of the Dukes of Alençon (15th century), now the Court House Home of André Mare 1885-1935,rue de la Vieille Prison.jpg|Birthplace of painter André Mare Hôtel de Lonlay, 24 rue St.Martins.jpg|Hôtel du comte de Lonlay

Culture

For two weeks every January, La foire Saint-Vincent, is held in the commune. The Fair sees the arrival of lots of amusement rides, and has been going since the beginning of the 19th century. It attracts approximately 15,000 visitors per year.

Sport

The Commune has a football club, Football Club Argentan who play at Stade Gérard Saint.

The Hippodrome d'Argentan is the local racecourse that is located a few metres from the boundary edge of Argentan in the commune of Gouffern en Auge.

Argentan has a swimming pool, Le centre aquatique du Pays d'Argentan, that features a sports pool, children's pool, wading pool, an aquatic slide and two jacuzzis.

Notable people

• William FitzEmpress (1136 -1164) - the youngest of the three sons of Empress Matilda and Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou was born here.
• Giles d'Argentan (c. 1280 – 24 June 1314), Norman knight who was killed at the Battle of Bannockburn
• John II, Duke of Alençon (1409-1476), was a French nobleman born here, and best known as a general in the Last Phase of the Hundred Years' War and for his role as a comrade-in-arms of Joan of Arc.
• Margaret of Lorraine (1463 - 1521) - A French noblewoman and a nun of the order of Poor Clares who was beatified in 1921, died here.
• Guillaume Mahot (1630 - 1684) - served as the Apostolic Vicar of Cochin, was born here.
• Marguerite de Lubert (1702 - 1785) a French woman of letters died here.
• Charles-Alexis Chauvet (1837 - 1871) a French organist and composer died here.
• Vincent Muselli (1879-1956) a French writer and poet was born here.
• Fernand Léger (1881–1955), painter was born in Argentan
• André Mare (1885–1935), painter was born in Argentan
• André Rouyer (1929-1994) a French actor was born here.
• François Doubin - (1933 – 2019) a French politician and cabinet minister who lived and died here.
• Gérard Saint (1935-1960) a bike racer who won the Combativity award in 1959 Tour de France was born here.
• Richard Peduzzi (born 1945) a French scenographer was born here.
• Michel Onfray (born 1959), writer and philosopher born here.
• Franck Berrier (1984-2021), a former professional footballer was born here.
• Gaëtan Laura (born 1995) - Professional footballer was born here.

Transport

• Argentan station has rail connections to Caen, Le Mans, Paris and Granville.
• Aérodrome d'Argentan is an Aerodrome that was opened in 1946. Its ICAO airport code is LFAJ.
• Route nationale 26 is a highway Argentan with connecting Verneuil-sur-Avre.

Twin towns – sister cities

Argentan is twinned with:

• ENG Abingdon-on-Thames, England, United Kingdom
• HUN Baja, Hungary
• GER Rotenburg an der Fulda, Germany

References

References

1. (9 August 2021). "Répertoire national des élus: les maires".
2. "Commune d'Argentan (61006)". INSEE.
3. [https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep61.pdf Populations légales 2019: 61 Orne], INSEE
4. "Des vestiges gaulois et romains découverts à Sarceaux". Ouest-France.
5. (2008). "Argentn et ses environs au Moyen Âge: Approche historique et archéologique". Conseil général de l'Orne.
6. (7 May 2023). "Argentan, l’autre cité ornaise de la dentelle".
7. "L’histoire d’Argentan, l’autre cité ornaise de la dentelle".
8. Chandler, Victoria. (1989). "The Last of the Montgomerys: Roger the Poitevin and Arnulf". Historical Research.
9. (28 October 2019). "Château des Ducs Grand Logis Argentan".
10. "LES REMPARTS D'ARGENTAN (Orne)".
11. (1913). "The loss of Normandy (1189-1204) Studies in the history of the Angevin empire". MANCHESTER at the University Press.
12. "Castles.nl - Argentan Ducal Castle".
13. Massey, Robert Andrew. (January 1987). "THE LANCASTRIAN LAND SETTLEMENT IN NORMANDY AND NORTHERN FRANCE, 1417-1450".
14. "Voyage dans l'Argentan du XIIIe au XVe siècle".
15. "These nuns keep a treasured lace-making tradition alive".
16. "Search Results for “alencon” – By the Poor For the Rich: Lace in Context".
17. "Créer pour Louis XIV. Dentelles de pouvoir - ALENCON".
18. Now, Normandy Then and. (27 February 2024). "AWOL in the Orne, in 1918".
19. Destruction of Argentan SNCF train station in August 1944: http://argentan.vapeur.free.fr/gare_guerre.html (French site)
20. Freeman, Roger A., ''The Mighty Eighth'', Motorbooks International, 1981, 1990, pp. 259 & 260.
21. (19 February 2016). "Argentan in 1944 - Orne - Battle of Normandy".
22. "Argentan · 61200, France".
23. "Argentan (61) : Cadastre, PLU, zonage et risques majeurs".
24. "Quatre curiosités à voir à Argentan".
25. {{Sandre. I2--0200. L'Orne
26. "Normandie Développement Durable".
27. naturelle, Museum national d'Histoire. "INPN - FSD Natura 2000 - FR2500099 - Haute vallée de l'Orne et affluents - Description".
28. "Argentan climate: Weather Argentan & temperature by month".
29. "ARGENTAN (61)". Météo France.
30. {{Cassini-Ehess. 1192. Argentan
31. [https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-61006#ancre-POP_T1 Population en historique depuis 1968], INSEE
32. (20 July 2016). "Maison des Dentelles d'Argentan".
33. "Musée Fernand Léger - André Mare ARGENTAN".
34. "Le patrimoine en Orne - 61 - Monumentum".
35. "Ancien donjon à Argentan - PA00110717".
36. "Tour Marguerite à Argentan - PA00110730".
37. "Ancien château des Ducs à Argentan - PA00110715".
38. "Ancienne chapelle du château, ou chapelle Saint-Nicolas à Argentan - PA00110714".
39. "Eglise Saint-Martin à Argentan - PA00110720".
40. "Sight ÉGLISE SAINT-GERMAIN D'ARGENTAN in Argentan, FRANCE".
41. "Eglise Saint-Germain à Argentan - PA00110719".
42. "Hôtel du Moulin de Fontenelle à Argentan - PA61000035".
43. "Ancien hôtel Servain à Argentan - PA00110725".
44. "Hôtel Ango-de-la-Motte à Argentan - PA00110722".
45. "Colonne dite des Trois Croix à Argentan - PA00110716".
46. "Statue de la Vierge à Argentan - PA00110729".
47. "Ancienne habitation de l'Abbesse des Bénédictines à Argentan - PA00110721".
48. "Ancienne habitation de l'Abbesse des Bénédictines".
49. "Ancien hôtel du comte de Lonlay à Argentan - PA00110724".
50. "Maison normande à Argentan - PA00110727".
51. "Maison Lemonnier à Argentan - PA00110726".
52. "Ancien hôtel d'Aumont-de-la-Vente".
53. "Old church of Notre-Dame de la Place".
54. "Ancienne église Notre-Dame-de-la-Place à Argentan - PA00110718".
55. "Hôtel de ville à Argentan - ACR0000870".
56. "Église Saint-Michel à Argentan - ACR0000869".
57. (12 August 2016). "Au fait, qui sont les petites bêtes des Pâtures ?".
58. "MARAIS DES PATURES | Conservatoires d'espaces naturels de Normandie".
59. (27 February 2021). "Un chantier bénévole pour entretenir la carrière-refuge de Belle-Eau, à Argentan".
60. "Carrière de Belle-Eau".
61. (8 January 2016). "Pourquoi fait-on la foire à la Saint-Vincent ?".
62. (6 January 2023). "Fête foraine. À quoi s'attendre pour la foire Saint-Vincent qui commence vendredi à Argentan ?".
63. BOSCHER, François. (2 July 2023). "Argentan. Football : en hiver, l’équipe A jouera l’après-midi pour éviter d’éclairer le stade".
64. (8 August 2022). "Gouffern-en-Auge. Le quartier de l’hippodrome, havre de tranquillité".
65. "Centre Aquatique d'Argentan - Piscine / Centre aquatique - ARGENTAN".
66. "William Longespee Fitz Empress, [22 July 1136 - 30 January 1164], Born: Argentan, Normandy, France, Died: Rouen, Normandy, France, Father: Geoffrey Plantagenet, Mother: Maud of England, Family, Genealogy".
67. Potter, David. (1995). "A History of France, 1460–1560: The Emergence of a Nation State". Macmillan.
68. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Blessed Margaret of Lorraine".
69. "0026 - MAHOT Guillaume".
70. (15 July 1995). "La princesse Camion / Mlle de Lubert". Mercure de France. [Paris].
71. "Library of Congress LCCN Permalink n91110560".
72. Larousse, Éditions. "Vincent Muselli - LAROUSSE".
73. "Fernand Léger | Cubist, Modernist Painter & Sculptor | Britannica".
74. "Andre Mare".
75. "André Rouyer | Actor, Writer".
76. (18 June 2019). "François Doubin, ancien maire d’Argentan et ancien ministre, est décédé".
77. (September 16, 2022). "Argentan. Dimanche, c'est le critérium Gérard-Saint".
78. "Richard Peduzzi | Production Designer, Art Department".
79. "Michel Onfray - Freedom From Religion Foundation".
80. (13 August 2021). "Football. Le Normand Franck Berrier, icône en Belgique, est décédé tragiquement".
81. (22 January 2021). "Ancien d'Alençon : Gaëtan Laura brille avec le Paris FC en Ligue 2.".
82. [https://sncf-ter-normandie.latitude-cartagene.com/assets/carte_region.pdf Plan du réseau], TER Normandie, accessed 24 September 2023.
83. "Argentan - France".
84. "R.N.12: JUSQU'AU BOUT DES TERRES... (I)".
85. "Villes jumelées". Argentan.