Ardalan

History

Origins

The ruling family of Ardalan belonged to the Ardalan tribe, also known as Bani Ardalan tribe, whose name may has been suggested to have been acquired from a Turkic rank. The ruling family considered themselves to be descended from Saladin (), the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1260/1341). Some Ardalan monarchs claimed descent from Ardashir I, the founder of the Sasanian Empire. Other tribal folklore traced their foundation to the early Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258). According to Sharafkhan Bidlisi, the renowned Kurdish historian, the earliest known leader of the tribe, Bani Ardalan, was a descendant of Nasr al-Dawla Ahmad ibn Marwan, who was the ruler of Marwanid Emirate in 1011–1061 centered in Diyar Bakr. He settled down among the Goran Kurds in Kurdistan and toward the end of the Mongol era took over the Sharazor, where he established himself as an absolute ruler.

Ardalan emirate

The Ardalan emirate was independent from its foundation by Baba Ardalan until it became Semi-independent in 1617, when Ahmad khan took the throne. From the Beginning of Ahmad Khan's reign till Amanoallah Khan, the Ardalan emirate was mostly a Semi-independent acountry. They recognized Iranian or Ottoman hegemony according to the requirements of each period.

During the Safavid hegemony, the Ardalans were deeply involved in the conflicts between the Iranian and Ottoman empires, they shifted their Allegiance to the Ottomans whenever it suited them. By 1736, Nader Shah had overthrown the Safavid dynasty and started expanding the borders of Iran both to the east and west. He fought numerous wars against the Ottoman Empire from the start of his reign until his death in June 1747. Some of the lands controlled by the Kurdish rulers were repeatedly transferred during these battles. The Ottomans and Nader Shah occupied Ardalan more than any other of those regions. In addition to these states, Ardalan was also invaded by the principalities of Mukriyan, Baban, and Shahrizor.

Soon after Nader Shah's assassination, Karim Khan Zand became the new ruler of Iran. He gained control over most of the country, and before the winter of 1749, had launched a military operation against Ardalan. Its ruler, Hasan Ali, attempted to diffuse the conflict despite his lack of preparation, but failed. The Zand army destroyed his capital, Sanandaj. Kurdish rulers were never awarded important posts in the Zand dynasty's administrative hierarchy, such as the office of beglerbegi (governor-general). Hereditary positions required royal approval, and Karim Khan did not always acknowledge the rulers those who were in line to take over their inherited domains.

Literature

Under Halo Khan Ardalan and his successor Khan Ahmad Khan Ardalan, the towns of Ardalan were restored. They also supported writers and poets who wrote in Arabic, Persian, and especially Gorani, a language that was far more spoken than it is now.

References

Sources

References

1. Karimi, Sara Zandi. (2024-11-08). "History of Ardalānids (1590–1810) by Sharaf al-Dīn bin Shams al-Dīn". Brill.
2. (2002). "میرنشینی ئەردەڵان، بابان، سۆران لە بەڵگەنامەکانی قاجاریدا 1799–1847". Kurdipedia.
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5. (2009). "The A to Z of the Kurds". Scarecrow Press.
6. (2000). "The Kurdish Language from Oral Tradition to Written Language".
7. Maisel, Sebastian. (2018). "The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society".
8. Kiani, Mohammad Ghorban. (2013). "The Role of Ardalan’s Dynasty in Iran’s Political Structure". International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences.