Arain

History

Origins

Ishtiaq Ahmed, a political scientist who is also a member of the Arain community, acknowledges that some early Arain texts ascribe a Suryavanshi Rajput origin, while others note a Persian one to reflect to others the status of being "conquerors". He believes that the Arains "are a mix of many ethnicities and races", similar to other "farming castes of the Punjab and Haryana". K. S. Singh believes that Arain and Kamboh are closely related, with the distinction being mostly religious as the former were predominantly Muslims.

Medieval period

According to Ahmed, during the Mughal and Sikh periods Arain held prominent positions, such as governors and army generals; he also believes that numerous names adopted by the community may indicate a tradition of military employment.

Colonial period

During the Indian rebellion of 1857, Shah Abdul Qadir Ludhianvi, an Arain, led an uprising from Ludhiana to Delhi where he was killed. In the aftermath, the British viewed the Arain as a disloyal community, and categorised them as a non-martial caste which denied them entry into the Bengal Army. Due to lobbying by the Arain community, in the early 20th century the Arain were officially re-classified as an "agricultural tribe", then effectively synonymous with the martial race classification.

Traditionally associated with farming, when the British wanted land developed in the Punjab, Arain were brought in to cultivate lands around cities, and were one of the agricultural communities given preference to assist with opening up the agrarian frontier in the Canal Colonies between 1885 and 1940. Shahid Javed Burki says that the British favoured the Arain for their "hard work, frugality and sense of discipline". The development of towns and cities and increasing urbanisation resulted in the value of the land settled by Arain to rise significantly, and Arain families flourished. Education was prioritised with the new-found wealth and Arain came to dominate the legal profession amongst urban Punjabi Muslims. Many used law to enter politics.

During the colonial era, detailed decadal census reports covered the plethora of castes, subcastes and tribes that existed throughout British India. Information regarding the Arains was highlighted in census reports taken from Punjab Province.

Demographics

Numbers

In 1921, Arains formed 9,5% of British Punjab's total Muslim population, up from 8,3% in 1901 and 6,6% in 1881.

At the time of the 2017 Pakistan census, Arains constituted the largest community of the Lahore District, making up 40% of the district's total population or 4,45 million out of the total of 11 million back then, followed by Kashmiris (30%).

The Arain biradari is particularly active in Lahore's industrial and commercial activities as well as in its politics.

Religion

The 1881 Census of India detailed the Arain population was 795,032 in Punjab, of which 791,552 (99.56 percent) were Muslims, 2,628 (0.33 percent) were Hindus, 848 (0.11 percent) were Sikhs, and 4 (0.0005 percent) were Christians.

As of 1931 Census of India, out of the total Arain population of 1,331,295 in Punjab, 1,330,057 (99.91%) were Muslims, 1,146 (0.086%) were Hindus, 67 (0.005%) were Sikhs and 5 (0.00038%) were Christians.

Academic Ashish Koul, who specializes in the history of the group, has said of the Arains that they have been "a distinctive Muslim community with innately Islamic attributes."

Diaspora

There are several diasporic Arain communities in British towns and cities, such as Manchester, Glasgow and Oxford. The tribe has its own organisation, Arain Council UK, which was established as Anjuman-e-Arains in the 1980s and renamed in 2008.

British Conservative Party politician Sajid Javid's family were farmers from the village of Rajana near Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, from where they migrated to the UK in the 1960s; Javid speaks some Punjabi. Javid was the first British Asian to hold one of the British Great Offices of State, being first Home Secretary (2018–2019) and then Chancellor of the Exchequer (2019–2020).

Arain clans

Arain clans not listed on the census but have been noted by British Raj era authors:

• Khokhar
• Jhanjhuna
• Arki
• Brar
• Kamboj
• Tarar

Notable people

Politics

• Adina Beg, last Mughal Governor and the only Nawab of Punjab.
• Mian Shah Din, first Muslim judge at the Chief Court of the Punjab
• Mian Iftikharuddin, activist and politician, founder of the Pakistan Times
• Sajid Javid, former British Home Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer
• Sir Mian Abdul Rashid, first Chief Justice of Pakistan
• Anas Sarwar, leader of the Scottish Labour Party
• Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar, businessman, Labour Party MP and 33rd Governor of the Punjab
• Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi, lawyer and co-founder of All-India Muslim League
• Jahanara Shahnawaz, politician and All-India Muslim League activist
• Sir Mian Muhammad Shahnawaz, politician
• Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the 6th President of Pakistan
• Mian Abdul Bari, Leader of the Opposition in the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab.

Arts and literature

• Shah Inayat Qadiri, Sufi scholar better known as the teacher of Bulleh Shah
• Qudratullah Shahab, Pakistani writer and diplomat

Entertainment

• Sultan Rahi, Pakistani actor
• Tariq Aziz, Pakistani television personality
• Sonia Ahmed, President of Miss Pakistan World Mrs. Pakistan World

Sports

• Wasim Akram, Pakistani cricketer
• Abdul Hafeez Kardar, Pakistani cricketer, politician and diplomat

Military

• Fazal Din, Indian soldier in World War II, recipient of the Victoria Cross

References

References

1. Koul, Ashish. (2016-12-03). "Making new Muslim Arains: reform and social mobility in colonial Punjab, 1890s-1910s". South Asian History and Culture.
2. (1905). "Arain".
3. Katherine Pratt Ewing. (1997). "Arguing sainthood: modernity, psychoanalysis, and Islam". Duke University Press.
4. Marenco, Ethne K.. (1976). "The Transformation of Sikh Society". Hapi Press.
5. Singh, K. S.. (1992). "People of India: Delhi". [[Anthropological Survey of India]].
6. (2009). "Role of Biradari System in Power Politics of Lahore: Post-Independence Period".
7. Ahmed, Ishtiaq. (18 April 2006). "There is many a slip betwixt cup and lip". Daily Times.
8. Singh, Kumar Suresh. (2003). "People of India: Punjab". Anthropological Survey of India.
9. Ahmed, Ishtiaq. (15 December 2007). "An Arain freedom fighter". The News.
10. Rajit K. Mazumder. (2003). "The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab". Orient Blackswan.
11. Ali, Imran. (1979). "The Punjab Canal Colonies, 1885-1940 (Ph.D. thesis)". Australian National University.
12. Binay Bhushan Chaudhuri. (2008). "Peasant History of Late Pre-colonial and Colonial India, Volume 8". Center for studies in Civilization.
13. Low, Donald Anthony. (1968). "Soundings in Modern South Asian History". University of California Press.
14. Burki, Shahid Javed. (October 1988). "Pakistan under Zia, 1977-1988". Asian Survey.
15. (1912). "Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 1, Report.".
16. Ibbetson, ''Report on the Census of the Punjab'', vol. 1, 266 and v. 2, Tables I and III; ''Imperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series on Punjab'', v. 1, p. 48 and 50; J. T. Marten, ''Census of India, 1921'', v. 1, part II, 40, 43, 162. See Tables VI and XIII.
17. "District Profile".
18. (1881). "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II.".
19. Khan, Khan Ahmed Hasan. "Census of India Punjab Part II Tables Vol. XVII, 1931". Civil and Military Gazette, Lahore.
20. Shaw, Alison. (2000). "Kinship and Continuity: Pakistani Families in Britain". Psychology Press.
21. "About". Arain Council UK.
22. (8 May 2018). "British home secy belongs to TT Singh". The Nation.
23. (2 October 2019). "'Did you ever think we'd be here today?' UK's Sajid Javid asks mother in Punjabi". The Express Tribune.
24. (2018-04-30). "Javid replaces Rudd as home secretary". BBC News.
25. (2019-07-24). "Boris Johnson overhauls cabinet on first day as PM". BBC News.
26. Rose, H. A. (Horace Arthur). (1911). "A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West frontier province". Lahore : Printed by the superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab.
27. Rose, H. A. (Horace Arthur). (1911). "A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West frontier province". Lahore : Printed by the superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab.
28. "Dina Arain: the master 'double game' player".
29. Individuals and Ideas in Modern India: Nine Interpretative Studies. India, Firma KLM, 1982.
30. LaPorte, Robert, et al. Pakistan under the military : eleven years of Zia ul-Haq. United Kingdom, Avalon Publishing, 1991.
31. (14 May 2013). "After election debacle, Wattoo resigns as PPP's central Punjab president". Dawn (newspaper).
32. "پاکستان کی خدمت کرنے والے 'روشن خیال' اینگلو انڈینز جنھیں بھلا دیا گیا". BBC News اردو.
33. (March 2021). "Anas Sarwar - First Muslim and Pakistani Who Elected leader of Scottish Labour Party".
34. The Arain Diaspora in the Rohilkhand region of India: A historical perspective: General History of Arain tribe of Punjab & Sindh with sociocultural background of the diaspora in Rohilkhand, India. N.p., Rehan Asad , 2017.
35. Contemporary Problems of Pakistan. Netherlands, Brill, 1974.
36. Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: I-M. India, A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, 2001.
37. International Journal of Punjab Studies. India, Sage Publications, 1994.
38. (2021). "Politics of the Electables: A Case Study of Faisalabad, Pakistan". PalArch Foundation.
39. (22 June 2021). "Sonia Ahmed: Our Real Hero |".
40. Ahmed, Ishtiaq. (2022). "The Punjab: Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed". Classy Pub.
41. "Player Profile: Abdul Kardar". CricketArchive.
42. (24 May 1945). "The London Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk.