Anglo-Mysore wars

The four wars

First Anglo-Mysore War

Main article: First Anglo-Mysore War

In the First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769), Haider Ali enjoyed some measure of success against the British, almost capturing Madras. The British convinced Nizam Mir Nizam Ali Khan to attack Ali. That was temporary, however, and the Nizam signed a new treaty with the British in February 1768. Ali had to contend with a Bombay Army attacking from the west and a Madras Army attacking from the northeast. However, Ali's attack towards Madras resulted in the Madras government suing for peace, and the resultant Treaty of Madras.

Second Anglo-Mysore War

Main article: Second Anglo-Mysore War

The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–1784) witnessed bloodier battles with fortunes fluctuating between the contesting powers. Tipu defeated William Baillie at the Battle of Pollilur in September 1780, and John Braithwaite at Kumbakonam in February 1782, both of whom were taken prisoner to Srirangapatana. This war saw the comeback of Sir Eyre Coote, the British commander who defeated Ali at the Battle of Porto Novo and Arni. Tipu continued the war following his father's death. Finally, the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Mangalore on 11 March 1784, which restored the status quo ante bellum. The Treaty of Gajendraghad in April 1787 ended the conflict with the Marathas. Warren Hastings (1772–1785) was Governor-General of India during the Second Anglo-Mysore War.

Third Anglo-Mysore War

Main article: Third Anglo-Mysore War

In the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790–1792), Tipu Sultan, now an ally of France, invaded the nearby Kingdom of Travancore, a British ally, in 1789. The British forces were commanded by Charles Cornwallis. The resulting war lasted three years and was a nearly defeat for Mysore. The war ended after the 1792 siege of Srirangapatana and the signing of the Treaty of Srirangapatana, according to which Tipu Sultan had to surrender some part of his kingdom to the British East India Company and its allies.

Fourth Anglo-Mysore war

Main article: Fourth Anglo-Mysore War

The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–1799) saw the death of Tipu Sultan and further reductions in Mysorean territory. Mysore's alliance with the French was seen as a threat to the East India Company, and Mysore was attacked from all four sides. Mysore had 35,000 soldiers, whereas the British commanded 60,000 troops. Nizam Akbar Ali Khan and the Marathas launched an invasion from the north. The British won a decisive victory at the siege of Seringapatam (1799). Tipu Sultan was killed during the defence of the city. Much of the remaining Mysorean territory was annexed by the British, the Nizam, and the Marathas. The remaining core, around Mysore and Seringapatam, was restored to the Indian prince Yuvaraja Krishnaraja Wadiyar III (later Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar III) under his grandmother's regency. Members of the Wodeyar dynasty had been in power before Ali became the de facto ruler. The Wodeyars ruled the remnant Kingdom of Mysore until 1947, when it joined the Dominion of India.

Aftermath

After the Battles of Plassey (1757) and Buxar (1764), which established British dominion over East India, the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1767–1799), the Anglo–Maratha Wars (1775–1819), and finally the Anglo-Sikh Wars (1845–1849), consolidated the British claim over South Asia, resulting in the British Empire in India, though resistance among various groups such as the Afghans and the Burmese would last well into the 1880s.

File:Anglo-Mysore War 1 and 2.png|The First and the Second Anglo-Mysore War. File:Anglo-Mysore War 3.png|The Third Anglo-Mysore War File:Anglo-Mysore War 4.png|The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War File:1793 Faden Wall Map of India - Geographicus - India-faden-1793.jpg|1793 map File:1800 Map of Peninsular India-1795.jpg |1800 map

Rockets

Main article: Mysorean rockets

The Mysorean rockets used by Tipu during the Battle of Pollilur were much more advanced than any that the British East India Company had previously seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant. This enabled higher thrust and a longer range for the missile (up to 2 km). After Tipu's eventual defeat in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and the capture of a number of Mysorean iron rockets, they were influential in British rocket development, inspiring the Congreve rocket, which was soon put into use in the Napoleonic Wars.

References

References

1. Naravane, M. S.. (2014). "Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj". A.P.H. Publishing Corporation.
2. Narasimha, Roddam. (May 1985). "Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D.". National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science.