Alpe d'Huez

History

The site of the Alpe has been permanently occupied since the Middle Ages. East of L'Alpe veti, a medieval agglomeration had grown from the end of the 11th to the 14th century under the name of Brandes. It was composed of a castle, a parish church with a cemetery, a village with about 80 homes, surface and underground mine workings, as well as several industrial districts. Its occupants operated a silver mine on behalf of the Dauphin. It is currently the only medieval coron known and preserved in its entirety, making it a unique site in Europe and classified as historical monuments by a decree of 6 August 1995.

Excavated and studied continuously since 1977 by a team of the CNRS, this site is registered as an historic monument. The medieval mining operation stretched from Gua (the Valley) to the Lac Blanc [White Lake] (Massif des Rousses). The massif was also the subject of mining operations, including copper, from the Bronze Age.

It is also at Alpe d'Huez where botanist Gaston Bonnier began his study of flora of France in 1871.

The station was developed from the 1920s. This is where the first platter lift for skiers was opened in 1936 with perches by , creator of the Poma company.

Climate

On average, Alpe d'Huez experiences 159.9 days per year with a minimum temperature below 0 C, 22.7 days per year with a minimum temperature below -10 C, and 42.4 days per year with a maximum temperature below 0 C. The record high temperature was 29.5 C on 18 July 2023, while the record low temperature was -25.2 C on 5 February 2012.

|Jan record high C = 15.5 |Feb record high C = 14.4 |Mar record high C = 14.0 |Apr record high C = 18.9 |May record high C = 24.1 |Jun record high C = 28.6 |Jul record high C = 29.5 |Aug record high C = 27.3 |Sep record high C = 25.6 |Oct record high C = 21.3 |Nov record high C = 19.7 |Dec record high C = 14.0

|Jan record low C = -21.8 |Feb record low C = -25.2 |Mar record low C = -19.9 |Apr record low C = -13.1 |May record low C = -10.0 |Jun record low C = -5.9 |Jul record low C = -0.4 |Aug record low C = -0.4 |Sep record low C = -7.0 |Oct record low C = -12.0 |Nov record low C = -17.6 |Dec record low C = -19.2

|access-date = 19 May 2023

Economy

Each year, the Alpe d'Huez Film Festival is held in January.

Alpe d'Huez also has an altiport, the Alpe d'Huez Airport, built for the 10th Winter Olympics held at Grenoble in 1968. It was named for on 15 April 2000, in memory of the famous mountain pilot. The altiport hosts helicopters including those of civil security, and the Dauphiné flying club. A gourmet restaurant is located on the edge of the platform.

Local culture and heritage

Sites and monuments

The church

Main article: Notre Dame des Neiges, L'Alpe d'Huez

Alpe d'Huez has a modern and original church, the appearance of which recalls a silhouette of the Virgin Mary. Under the leadership of Father Jaap Reuten, head of the parish from 1964 to 1992, it was designed by the architect Jean Marol in the 1960s (completed in 1970), and decorated with colour-rich stained-glass windows by the artist Arcabas.

This church houses a pipe organ which is unique in the world. The organ takes the form of a hand drawn up towards the sky, designed by composer Jean Guillou and the German organ builder Detlef Kleuker. Each year, concerts are held around this instrument on Thursday night, winter and summer, as well as organ, pan flute and choral courses during the summer.

Cultural heritage

• The (or Musée d'Huez et de Oisans), of the Musée de France.

Winter sports

Alpe d'Huez is primarily used for downhill/alpine skiing.

Skiing at Alpe d'Huez

(easy 38, intermediate 68, difficult 17) 10 gondolas, 3 access lifts, 24 chairlifts, 41 drag lifts) |}}

Alpe d'Huez is one of Europe's premier skiing venues. The site of the Pomagalski's first surface lift in the mid thirties, the resort gained popularity when it hosted the bobsleigh events of the 1968 Winter Olympics. At that time the resort was seen as a competitor to Courchevel as France's most upmarket purpose built resort but the development of Les Trois Vallées, Val d'Isère, Tignes, La Plagne and Les Arcs saw Alpe D'Huez fall from favour in the 1970s and early 1980s.

With 249 km of piste and 84 ski lifts, the resort is now one of the world's largest. Extensive snowmaking facilities helped combat the ski area's largely south-facing orientation and helped Alpe d'Huez appeal to beginner skiers, with very easy slopes. The expansion of the skiing above the linked resorts of Vaujany, Oz-en-Oisans, Villard Reculas and Auris boosted the quantity and quality of intermediate grade slopes but the resort is mostly known for freeskiing, drawing many steep skiing enthusiasts to its high altitude terrain.

Aside from the Tunnel and Sarenne black runs, many Off-piste opportunities exist both from the summit of the 3330 m Pic Blanc and the 2808 m Dome des Petites Rousses. These include the 50-degree Cheminees du Mascle couloirs, the open powder field of Le Grand Sablat, the Couloir Fleur and the Perrins bowl. Up to 2200 m of vertical descent are available with heli drops back to the resort's altiport. The proximity to the exclusively off-piste resort of La Grave as well as tree skiing at Serre Chevalier and the glacier and terrain parks of Les Deux Alpes have made Alpe d'Huez a popular base for skiers looking to explore the Oisans region.

1968 Winter Olympics

Alpe d'Huez hosted the bobsleigh events at the 1968 Winter Olympics based at Grenoble 65 km away. The track, built in spring 1966 for FRF 5.5 million, hosted the World Championships in 1967. The cooling could not keep the ice solid in bright daylight – not least because the track faced south. The four-man event was cancelled because of thawing ice, and modifications were made that spring to prepare for the Games. The refrigeration system was strengthened in turns 6, 9, 12, and 13; turn 12 was covered with stone and earthwork to prevent concrete coming up, turn 12 was cooled with liquid nitrogen, and shades were built on turns 6, 9, 12, and 13 to minimise direct sunlight. Thawing remained a problem and Olympic bobsleigh events had to be scheduled before sunrise. The track closed in 1972 due to high operating costs; the structure remains as demolition was not economical.

:{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" |+ Physical statistics ! Sport ! Length ! Turns ! Vertical drop ! Average grade (%) |- |Bobsleigh |1500 m |13 |140 m |9.33 |} :No turn names were given for the track.

Cycle racing

Details

The climb to the summit starts at Le Bourg d'Oisans in the Romanche valley. The climb goes via the D211 from where the distance to the summit (at 1860 m) is 13.8 km, with an average gradient of 8.1%, with 21 hairpin bends and a maximum gradient of 13%. Despite its notoriety, Alpe d'Huez is only the 56th hardest bike climb in France.

Tour de France

L'Alpe d'Huez is climbed regularly in the Tour de France. It was first included in the race in 1952 and has been a stage finish regularly since 1976. Their leader was Georges Rajon, who ran the Hotel Christina. The ski station there opened in 1936. Wermelinger reported to the organiser, Jacques Goddet, and the Tour signed a contract with the businessmen to include the Alpe. It cost them the modern equivalent of €3,250.

That first Alpe d'Huez stage was won in 1952 by Fausto Coppi. Coppi attacked 6 km from the summit to rid himself of the French rider Jean Robic.L'Équipe Magazine, 17 July 2004 This was the year that motorcycle television crews first came to the Tour. It was also the Tour's first mountain-top finish. The veteran reporter, Jacques Augendre, said:

:"The Tourmalet, the Galibier and the Izoard were the mythical mountains of the race. These three cols were supplanted by the Alpe d'Huez. Why? Because it's the col of modernity. Coppi's victory in 1952 was the symbol of a golden age of cycling, that of champions [such as] Coppi, Bartali, Kubler, Koblet, Bobet. But only Coppi and Armstrong and Carlos Sastre have been able to take the maillot jaune on the Alpe and to keep it to Paris. That's not by chance. From the first edition, shown on live television, the Alpe d'Huez definitively transformed the way the Grande Boucle ran. No other stage has had such drama. With its 21 bends, its gradient and the number of spectators, it is a climb in the style of Hollywood."

Augendre omitted Laurent Fignon, who, along with Coppi and Armstrong, took yellow on the Alpe without winning the stage in 1983, 1984, and 1989. He held it into Paris in 1983 and 1984 but in 1989 he lost it on the final stage to Paris, a time trial, to Greg LeMond to finish second by 8", the closest finish in men's tour history.

After Coppi's win, the Alpe was dropped until 1964, when it was included as a mid-stage climb, and then again until 1976, both times at Rajon's instigation. The hairpin bends are named after the winners of stages. All hairpins had been named by the 22nd climb in 2001 so naming restarted at the bottom with Lance Armstrong's name added to Coppi's.

Stage 18 of the 2013 Tour de France included a double ascent of the climb, reaching 1765 m on the first passage, and continuing to the traditional finish on the second.

Only one rider has won the Alpe stage while in yellow, Geraint Thomas in the second of two back to back Alpine stage wins in 2018. He also held on to win the overall Tour.

French journalist and L'Équipe sportswriter Jean-Paul Vespini wrote a book about Alpe d'Huez and its role in the Tour de France: The Tour Is Won on the Alpe: Alpe d'Huez and the Classic Battles of the Tour de France.

Spectators

The Alpe has chaotic crowds of spectators. In 1999, Giuseppe Guerini won despite being knocked off by a spectator who stepped into his path to take a photograph. The 2004 individual time trial became chaotic when fans pushed riders toward the top. Attendance figures on the mountain have to be treated with caution. A million spectators were claimed for 1997. Eric Muller, the mayor of Alpe d'Huez, however, said there were 350,000 in 2001, four years later despite acceptance that the number rises every year. "We expect more than 400,000 for the centenary race in 2003", he said. The author Tim Moore wrote:

Alpe d'Huez has been nicknamed the "Dutch Mountain", since Dutchmen won eight of the first 14 finishes in le Tour De France. British author Geoffrey Nicholson wrote:

Significant stages

1952: Jean Robic attacked at the start of the climb and only Fausto Coppi could stay with him. The two climbed together until Coppi attacked at bend five, 4 km from the top. He won the stage, the lead in the general classification, and kept it till the end of the race.

1977: Lucien Van Impe, a Belgian rider leading the climbers' competition, broke clear on the Col du Glandon. He gained enough time to threaten the leader, Bernard Thévenet. He was still clear on the Alpe when a car drove into him. The time that Van Impe lost waiting for another wheel may have been enough to cost him the Yellow Jersey, as Thévenet and Hennie Kuiper charged on to the finish with Thévenet remaining in the lead by eight seconds over Kuiper.

1978: Another Belgian leading the mountains race also came close to taking the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification. Michel Pollentier also finished alone, but he was caught soon afterwards defrauding a drugs control and was disqualified. Due to this disqualification Dutch rider Joop Zoetemelk, who finished 3rd on the stage and would have climbed to 2nd in the General Classification, took over the yellow jersey, but would lose it on the final time trial to Bernard Hinault. Zoetemelk has his name on two of the hairpin turns at Alpe d'Huez being one of the select few riders to win this stage twice; once in 1976 and once in 1979.

1984: The Tour invited amateurs to take part in the 1980s. The best was Luis Herrera, who lived at 2000 m altitude in Colombia. None of the professionals could follow him. He won alone to the cacophony of broadcasters who had arrived to report his progress.

1986: Bernard Hinault said he would help Greg LeMond win the Tour but appeared to ride otherwise. The two crossed the line arm in arm in an apparent sign of truce creating a moment that has become one of the most iconic photographs in Tour history.

1997: Marco Pantani, who won on the Alpe two years earlier, attacked three times and only Jan Ullrich could match him. He lasted until 10 km from the summit and Pantani rode on alone to win in what is often quoted as record speed (see below).

1999: Giuseppe Guerini, who broke away on his own, collided with a spectator but got up and went on to win the stage.

2001: Lance Armstrong feigned vulnerability earlier in the stage, appearing to be having an off-day. At the bottom of the Alpe d'Huez climb, Armstrong moved to the front of the lead group of riders and then looked back at Jan Ullrich. Armstrong later commented that he wasn't looking back at Ullrich but was actually looking back to see the position of his teammate Chechu Rubiera. Seeing no response from Ullrich, Armstrong accelerated away from the field to claim the victory, 1:59 ahead of Ullrich. Armstrong would later be stripped of this achievement and his tour win by his conviction for doping in 2012. His name however, is still honored on one of the 21 signs of previous winners, lining the hairpin turns of Alpe d'Huez.

2013: Christophe Riblon won the stage at the summit of Alpe d'Huez during the 100th edition of the Tour. For the first time ever, riders rode up the climb twice with the descent over the Col de Sarenne in between.

2018: Geraint Thomas, Tom Dumoulin, Chris Froome, Romain Bardet and Mikel Landa were able to catch Steven Kruijswijk, who had been on a 70 km solo attack, about 2/3 of the way up the climb and with about 500 meters to go Thomas dropped the remaining elite riders to become the first rider to win the Alpe d’Huez stage while wearing the yellow jersey.

2022: World cyclo-cross and Olympic mountain-bike champion Tom Pidcock, riding his first Tour, broke away on the Galibier descent, before going solo from a break including four-time Tour winner Chris Froome with around 8 km to go and won on the Alpe, the youngest winner on the Alpe in Tour de France history.

Winners

*In 1979 there were two stages at Alpe d'Huez.

† Stage 18 of the 2013 Tour climbed to Alpe d'Huez twice. Moreno Moser was the leader at the first time over the summit.

Fastest ascents

The climb has been timed since 1994 so earlier times are subject to discussion. From 1994 to 1997 the climb was timed from 14.5 km from the finish. Since 1999 photo-finish has been used from 14 km. Other times have been taken 13.8 km from the summit, which is the start of the climb. Others have been taken from the junction 700 m from the start.

These variations have led to a debate. Pantani's 37m 35s has been cited by Procycling and World Cycling Productions, publisher of Tour de France DVDs, and by Cycle Sport. In a biography of Pantani, Matt Rendell notes Pantani at: 1994 – 38m 0s; 1995 – 38m 4s; 1997 – 37m 35s. The Alpe tourist association describes the climb as 14.454 km and lists Pantani's 37m 35s (23.08 km/h) as the record.

Other sources give Pantani's times from 1994, 1995 and 1997 as the fastest, based on timings adjusted for the 13.8 km.{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040528164151/http://grimpee.alpe.9online.fr/references.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 May 2004 |access-date=20 July 2008

A number of cycling publications cite times prior to 1994, although distances are typically not included, making comparisons difficult. Coppi has been listed with 45m 22s for 1952.

In the 1980s Gert-Jan Theunisse, Pedro Delgado, Luis Herrera, and Laurent Fignon rode in times stated to be faster than Coppi's, but still not breaking 40m. Greg LeMond and Bernard Hinault have been reported as having the times of 48m 0s in 1986.

It was not until Gianni Bugno and Miguel Indurain in 1991, that times faster than 40m were reported, including in the 39m range for Bjarne Riis in 1995 and Richard Virenque in 1997.

Ascent times

Some times based on 14.454 km according to Matt Rendell's first book, other times based on 13.8 km.

• The 2004 stage was an individual time trial.

†Lance Armstrong, and Floyd Landis admitted to doping and had the Tour de France titles withdrawn. Jan Ullrich also admitted to doping and Virenque was implicated in what, at the time, was the biggest doping scandal in Tour history.

Based on 13.8 km

Other cycle races

The peak is also the finish of La Marmotte, a one-day, 175 km ride with 5000 m of climbing.

Stage 8 of the 2024 Tour de France Femmes finished there, with the stage won by Demi Vollering. Alpe d'Huez had previously featured in a professional women's race at the 1993 Tour Cycliste Féminin.

Mountain biking

The resort caters for mountain bikers during the summer months, the pinnacle of which is the Megavalanche, a 'Downhill Enduro' Event that takes riders from lift station at the highest peak, Pic Blanc, to Allemont in the valley floor.

Triathlon

Since 2006 Cyrille Neveu has organized the Triathlon EDF Alpe d'Huez, which has become a major summer attraction.

Zwift

In 2018, the virtual cycling training and racing program Zwift released a recreation of the Alpe d'Huez climb called Alpe du Zwift. This virtual version of the climb was created using GPS data from the original route to copy it perfectly in both gradient and distance.

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Alpe d'Huez is twinned with:

• ITA Bormio, Italy, since 2005.

References

References

1. Bailly-Maître, Marie-Christine. "L'agglomération minière de Brandes (Huez-Isère)". Laboratoire d'archéologie médiévale et moderne en Méditerranée.
2. {{Base Mérimée. PA00125738
3. (1994). "Brandes en Oisans, La mine d'argent des Dauphins (12e-14e siecles)".
4. (April 2006). "L'exploitation de la chalcopyrite à l'Âge du Bronze dans le massif des Rousses en Oisans (Isère)". CTHS.
5. "Alpe d'Huez Ski Resort Review". Snowplace.
6. [http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1968/or1968.pdf 1968 Winter Olympics official report.] {{webarchive. link. (26 February 2008 pp. 104–105. {{in lang). en. fr – accessed 27 February 2008.
7. "L'Alpe-d'Huez dans le Tour de France". ledicodutour.
8. "France – Top Bike Climbs". PJAMM Cycling.
9. The race was brought to the mountain by Élie Wermelinger, the chief commissaire or referee. He drove his [[Panhard]] Dyna car between snow banks that lined the road in March 1952, invited by a consortium of businesses who had opened hotels at the summit.Chany, Pierre (1988), La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France, Nathan, France
10. Procycling, UK, August 2002
11. Vélo, France, June 2004
12. L'Équipe Magazine, 20 July 2002
13. Cycling Weekly, UK, November 2001
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15. Journal du Dimanche, France, 13 July 2003
16. Procycling, UK, September 2004
17. "Alpe d'Huez: Bourg d'Oisans". climbbybike.com.
18. Nicholson, Geoffrey (1991) ''Le Tour: The Rise and Rise of the Tour de France'', Hodder and Stoughton, UK, {{ISBN. 0-340-54268-3. p. 173
19. "1977 Tour de France".
20. (24 August 2012). "Lance Armstrong Receives Lifetime Ban and Disqualification of Competitive Results for Doping Violations Stemming from His Involvement in the United States Postal Service Pro-Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy | U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA)".
21. (2 June 2013). "Stage 18:Gap to Alpe-d'Huez". Le Tour.
22. "Alpe d'Huez". gastrobiking.com.
23. Rendell, Matt. (2006). "The Death of Marco Pantani – A Biography". Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
24. Tim Maloney. (21 July 2004). "Armstrong dominates on l'Alpe d'Huez". cyclingnews.com.
25. Rendell, Matt. (2007). "Blazing Saddles". Quercus (United Kingdom).
26. (July 2003). "L'Alpe d'Huez – The first strike". cyclingnews.com.
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28. Rook, Anne-Marije. (2024-08-18). "The smallest margin of victory in Tour de France history: Tour de France Femmes was won by 4 seconds".
29. McGrath, Andy. (2024-08-18). "Alpe D'Huez Ending at Tour de France Femmes 'Gives Opportunities Women Haven't Had'".
30. Schlange, Eric. (2020-04-27). ""Road to Sky" Route Details (Watopia)".