Allan Gibbard

Life and career

Allan Fletcher Gibbard was born on April 7, 1942, in Providence, Rhode Island. He received his B.A. in mathematics from Swarthmore College in 1963 with minors in physics and philosophy. After teaching mathematics and physics in Ghana with the Peace Corps (1963–1965), Gibbard studied philosophy at Harvard University, participating in the seminar on social and political philosophy with John Rawls, Kenneth J. Arrow, Amartya K. Sen, and Robert Nozick. In 1971, Gibbard earned his Ph.D., writing a dissertation under the direction of John Rawls.

He served as professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago (1969–1974), and the University of Pittsburgh (1974–1977), before joining the University of Michigan where he spent the remainder of his career until his retirement in 2016. Gibbard chaired the University of Michigan's philosophy department (1987–1988) and has held the title of Richard B. Brandt Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy since 1994.

Gibbard was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1990 and was elected a Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences in 2009, one of only two living philosophers to be so honored (the other being Brian Skyrms). He is also a Fellow of the Econometric Society, and has received Fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities. He served as President of the Central Division of the American Philosophical Association from 2001 to 2002. He gave the Tanner Lectures at the University of California, Berkeley, in 2006.

Philosophical work

Social choice theory

Soon after his doctoral degree, Gibbard provided a first proof of a conjecture that strategic voting was an intrinsic feature of non-dictatorial voting systems with at least three choices, a conjecture of Michael Dummett and Robin Farquharson. This work would eventually become known as "Gibbard's theorem", published in 1973. Mark Satterthwaite later worked on a similar theorem which he published in 1975. Satterthwaite and Jean Marie Brin published a paper in 1978 describing Gibbard's and Satterthwaite's mathematical proofs as the "Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem" and described its relationship to Arrow's impossibility theorem.

Gibbard's theorem

Main article: Gibbard's theorem

In the fields of mechanism design and social choice theory, "Gibbard's theorem" is a result proven by Gibbard in 1973. It states that for any deterministic process of collective decision, at least one of the following three properties must hold:

1. The process is dictatorial, i.e. there exists a distinguished agent who can impose the outcome;
2. The process limits the possible outcomes to two options only;
3. The process is open to strategic voting: once an agent has identified their preferences, it is possible that they have no action at their disposal that best defends these preferences irrespective of the other agents' actions.

A corollary of this theorem is Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem about voting rules. The main difference between the two is that Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem is limited to ranked (ordinal) voting rules: a voter's action consists in giving a preference ranking over the available options. Gibbard's theorem is more general and considers processes of collective decision that may not be ordinal: for example, voting systems where voters assign grades to candidates (cardinal voting). Gibbard's theorem can be proven using Arrow's impossibility theorem.

Gibbard's theorem is itself generalized by Gibbard's 1978 theorem and Hylland's theorem, which extend these results to non-deterministic processes, i.e. where the outcome may not only depend on the agents' actions but may also involve an element of chance. The Gibbard's theorem assumes the collective decision results in exactly one winner and does not apply to multi-winner voting.

Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem

Main article: Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem

In social choice theory, the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem is a result published independently by Gibbard in 1973{{cite journal |author-link=Allan Gibbard |author-link=Mark Satterthwaite

1. The rule is dictatorial, i.e. there exists a distinguished voter who can choose the winner; or
2. The rule limits the possible outcomes to two alternatives only; or
3. The rule is susceptible to tactical voting: in certain conditions, a voter's sincere ballot may not best defend their opinion.

While the scope of this theorem is limited to ordinal voting, Gibbard's theorem is more general, in that it deals with processes of collective decision that may not be ordinal: for example, voting systems where voters assign grades to candidates. Gibbard's 1978 theorem and Hylland's theorem are even more general and extend these results to non-deterministic processes, i.e. where the outcome may not only depend on the voters' actions but may also involve a part of chance.

Ethical theory

Gibbard is best known in philosophy for his contributions to ethical theory. He is the author of three books in this area. Wise Choices, Apt Feelings: A Theory of Normative Judgment (1990) develops a general theory of moral judgment and judgments of rationality. Gibbard argues that when we endorse someone's action, belief, or feeling as "rational" or warranted we are expressing acceptance of a system of norms that permits it. More narrowly, morality is about norms relating to the aptness of moral feelings (such as guilt and resentment).

Gibbard's second book, Thinking How to Live (2003), offers an argument for reconfiguring the distinctions between normative and descriptive discourse, with implications as to the "long-standing debate"https://books.google.com/books?id=GdQmEQ4YdIwC over "objectivity" in ethics and "factuality" in ethics.

Gibbard's third book, Reconciling Our Aims: In Search of Bases for Ethics (2008), from the Tanner Lectures, argues in favour of a broadly utilitarian approach to ethics.

Gibbard's fourth and most recent book is titled Meaning and Normativity (2012).

A recent review, including extensive citing of Gibbard's work above, is in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2015).

Interviews with Gibbard

References

Footnotes

General references

• Allan Gibbard, Wise Choices, Apt Feelings. Description (from back cover) and contents. Harvard University Press, 1990
• ____, Thinking How to Live, Harvard University Press, 2003,

References

1. "Allan Gibbard Vita".
2. Rudolf Farra and Maurice Salles. (October 2006). "An Interview with Michael Dummett: From analytical philosophy to voting analysis and beyond". Social Choice and Welfare.
3. (2010). "The International Who's Who 2011". [[Routledge]].
4. "72 New Members Chosen by Academy".
5. "Brian Skyrms, UC Irvine — Institute for Social Sciences".
6. "2005-2006 Lecture Series | Tanner Lectures".
7. Satterthwaite, Mark A.. (1975). "Strategy-proofness and Arrow's Conditions: Existence and Correspondence Theorems for Voting Procedures and Social Welfare Functions". [[Journal of Economic Theory]].
8. Dummett, Michael. (1984). "Voting Procedures". Oxford University Press.
9. (1978-10-31). "Individual decisions and group decisions. The fundamental differences". Journal of Public Economics.
10. Gibbard, Allan. (1973). "Manipulation of voting schemes: A general result". Econometrica.
11. Gibbard, Allan. (1978). "Straightforwardness of Game Forms with Lotteries as Outcomes". Econometrica.
12. Allan Gibbard (1990). ''Wise Choices, Apt Feelings''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qiDaZ-evhUQC&pg=PA349 Description] (from back cover), [https://books.google.com/books?id=qiDaZ-evhUQC&pg=PR11 Contents], [https://books.google.com/books?id=qiDaZ-evhUQC&pg=PA349 Description] (from back cover) and [https://books.google.com/books?id=qiDaZ-evhUQC&pg=PR7 Preface]. Harvard University Press. On the book, [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674953789&content=reviews comments] of [[Simon Blackburn]] & [[John McDowell]].
13. Allan Gibbard (2003). ''Thinking How to Live''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GdQmEQ4YdIwC Description], [https://books.google.com/books?id=GdQmEQ4YdIwC&pg=PR7ots= Contents], & [https://books.google.com/books?id=GdQmEQ4YdIwC Preface.] Harvard University Press. Reviewed in Matthew Chrisman in (2005), "Allan Gibbard. 'Thinking How to Live'", ''Ethics'', 115(2), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/426347?seq=1#fndtn-page_scan_tab_contents 406]–412.
14. Allen Gibbard (2008). ''Reconciling Our Aims: In Search of Bases for Ethics''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=90TiBwAAQBAJ Description] & [https://books.google.com/books?id=90TiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT5ots Content.] Oxford.
15. Allan Gibbard (2012). ''Meaning and Normativity''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Dclz4uKmdCgC Description] & [https://books.google.com/books?id=Dclz4uKmdCgC&pg=PR15ots Contents.] Oxford University Press. Review at Christopher S. Hill (2013), [https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/41184-meaning-and-normativity/ "Allan Gibbard ''Meaning and Normativity'',"] ''Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews'', July 20.
16. Mark van Roojen (2015). [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-cognitivism/ "Moral Cognitivism vs. Non-Cognitivism"], ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Fall 2015 Edition), beginning at § 2.3 Quasi-realism, 2.4 Expressivism, & 2.5 Norm-expressivism and Plan-expressivism. Accessed 3/9/2016.