Alexandrine parakeet

Taxonomy and etymology

The Alexandrine parakeet was first described by French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson as Psittaca Ginginiana or "La Perruche de Gingi" (The Gingi's Parakeet) in 1760; after the town of Gingee in southeastern India, which was a French outpost then. The birds may, however, merely have been held in captivity there. Carl Linnaeus redescribed the Alexandrine parakeet in 1766 as Psittacus eupatria.

The genus name Psittacula is a diminutive of the Latin word psittacus meaning "parrot", and the specific name eupatria (εὖπατριά) is derived from the ancient Greek eu- meaning "well" and patriá meaning "descent". |title-link=Birds of the World: Recommended English Names

In 2019, a genetic study revived the genus Palaeornis, formerly viewed as a synonym of the current genus Psittacula. Some organisations – including the IUCN – have accepted the new taxonomy. If this were to be taken into account, this could mean that the Alexandrine parakeet is the only living member of the now-revived genus.

Phylogeny

Genetic analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of Psittacula parakeets has shown that the Alexandrine parakeet diverged from the lineage that gave rise to the rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) and the Mauritius parakeet (Psittacula eques) about 5 million years ago.

Description

The Alexandrine parakeet is one of the largest parakeets, measuring 56 to from the top of the head to the tip of the tail and weighing 200 to. The tail measures 28 to. It is predominantly green with a light blue-grey sheen on the cheeks and nape (back of the neck), yellow-green abdomen, red patch on the shoulders and massive red beak with yellow tips. The upper-side of the tail passes from green at the top to blue further down, and is yellow at the tip. The underside of the tail is yellow. |title-link=Book of Indian Birds |edition=13th

Adults are sexually dimorphic. Adult males have a black stripe across their lower cheeks and a pink band on their nape. Adult females lack both a black cheek stripe and a pink nape band. The young are similar in appearance to adult females but have shorter tails.

Subspecies

Five subspecies of the Alexandrine parakeet are currently recognized :{| class="wikitable" |+ ! Subspecies ! Distribution ! Notes |-

| Western India, South India and Sri Lanka.

Ecology and behaviour

The Alexandrine parakeet lives in forests, woodlands, agricultural lands and mangrove forests at elevations of up to 900 m. It eats a variety of wild and cultivated seeds, buds, fruits and nuts. Flocks can cause extensive damage to ripening fruits and grain crops like maize and jowar. It usually lives in small flocks, but forms larger groups in areas where food is abundant or at communal roosts.

The Alexandrine parakeet has a variety of calls, including a ringing trrrieuw, loud kree-aar or keeak, deep klak-klak-klak-klak and resonant gr-aak. Its calls are usually deeper, harsher and more resonant than those of the rose-ringed parakeet. Its voice becomes harsher when alarmed, and it shrieks loudly when mobbing predators. Flocks occasionally excitedly vocalize together. It is known to imitate human speech in captivity.

Breeding

Alexandrine parakeets breed from November to April in their native range. They usually nest in tree hollows, but sometimes use tree holes excavated by themselves or cracks in buildings. Females lay 2 to 4 white, blunt oval-shaped eggs, measuring 27 to. The average incubation period is 24 days. The chicks fledge at about 7 weeks of age, and are dependent on their parents until 3 to 4 months of age.

Aviculture

Alexandrine parakeets are relatively popular pet birds due to their long lifespan in captivity (up to 40 years), playful behaviour and ability to mimic human speech. Alexander the Great is thought to have kept one as a pet. They are one of the most sought-after cage birds in the Indian market. According to CITES trade data, at least parakeets were imported into countries outside their native range between 1981 and 2014. |url-status=live |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104070654/https://www.wwfindia.org/?6900%2FTRAFFIC-helps-to-claw-back-illegal-parrot-trade-in-India |archive-date=2018-11-04

Color variants including lutino, albino, and blue are well-established in captivity.

The World Parrot Trust recommends that captive Alexandrine parrots be kept in a metal or welded mesh enclosure of minimum length 4.5 m. |access-date=14 March 2021

Conservation

The Alexandrine parakeet is listed as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) because of its steep population decline in its native range due to habitat loss, persecution and excessive capture to cater to the demands of the illegal wildlife trade. It is sporadic in South India, uncommon in Bangladesh, and declining in North Bengal and certain parts of Sri Lanka. It has suffered the greatest population declines in the Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan, Laos, northwestern and southwestern Cambodia, and Thailand. |access-date=18 June 2018 |access-date=18 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220130042/https://www.dawn.com/news/791596 |archive-date=20 February 2018

Culture

Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Thailand, Mongolia and Iran have issued postage stamps depicting the Alexandrine parakeet. |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010109170800/http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/7413500.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=January 9, 2001 |access-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=24 October 2013

References

References

1. "''Psittacula eupatria'' (Linnaeus, 1766)".