Alameda County, California

History

The county was formed on March 25, 1853, from a large portion of Contra Costa County and a smaller portion of Santa Clara County.

The county seat at the time of the county's formation was located at Alvarado, now part of Union City. In 1856, it was moved to San Leandro, where the county courthouse was destroyed by the devastating 1868 quake on the Hayward Fault. The county seat was then re-established in the town of Brooklyn from 1872 to 1875. Brooklyn is now part of Oakland, which has been the county seat since 1873.

Much of what is now an intensively urban region was initially developed as a trolley car suburb of San Francisco in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Key System moved commuters to and from the Key System Mole, where ferries bridged the gap across San Francisco Bay.

The historical progression from Native American tribal lands to Spanish then Mexican ranches, then to farms, ranches, and orchards, then to multiple city centers and suburbs, is shared with the adjacent and closely associated Contra Costa County.

Law, government and politics

Government

Main article: Government of Alameda County, California

The Government of Alameda County is defined and authorized under the California Constitution, California law, and the Charter of the County of Alameda. Much of the Government of California is in practice the responsibility of county governments such as the Government of Alameda County, while municipalities such as the City of Oakland and the City of Berkeley provide additional, often non-essential services. The County government provides countywide services such as elections and voter registration, law enforcement, jails, vital records, property records, tax collection, and public health. In addition it is the local government for all unincorporated areas, and provides services such as law enforcement to some incorporated cities under a contract arrangement.

It is composed of the elected five-member Alameda County Board of Supervisors (BOS) as the county legislature, several other elected offices and officers including the Sheriff, the District Attorney, Assessor, Auditor-Controller/County Clerk/Recorder, Treasurer/Tax Collector, and numerous county departments and entities under the supervision of the County Administrator. In addition, several entities of the government of California have jurisdiction conterminous with Alameda County, such as the Alameda County Superior Court.

The current supervisors are:

• David Haubert, district 1,
• Elisa Márquez, district 2,
• Lena Tam, district 3,
• Nate Miley, district 4, and
• Keith Carson, district 5.

The Board elects a president who presides at all meetings of the Board and appoints committees to handle work involving the major programs of the county. If the president is absent for a meeting, the vice president shall be responsible. A Board election occurs every two years for these positions. Supervisor Carson is serving currently as president; Supervisor Miley is vice president.

The county's law enforcement is overseen by an elected Sheriff/Coroner and an elected District Attorney. The Sheriff supervises the deputies of the Alameda County Sheriff's Office, whose primary responsibilities include policing unincorporated areas of the county and cities within the county which contract with the Sheriff's Office for police services; providing security and law enforcement for county buildings including courthouses, the county jail and other county properties; providing support resources, such as a forensics laboratory and search and rescue capabilities, to other law enforcement agencies throughout the county; and serving the process of the county's Superior Court system. The District Attorney's office is responsible for prosecuting all criminal violations of the laws of the state of California, the county, or its constituent municipalities, in the Alameda County Superior Court. The current Sheriff is Yesenia Sanchez, who was elected in 2022, succeeding Greg Ahern, who had served in the post for 16 years. The Sheriff's Office operates two jails: Santa Rita Jail in Dublin, and Glenn E. Dyer Detention Facility in downtown Oakland.

In 2009, Nancy E. O'Malley was appointed Alameda County district attorney after Tom Orloff retired. She served two terms and did not run for reelection in 2022. Pamela Price was elected as district attorney in 2022.

The Alameda County Fire Department (ACFD) was formed on July 1, 1993, as a dependent district, with the Board of Supervisors as its governing body. Municipal and specialized fire departments have been consolidated into the ACFD over the years. 1993 brought in the Castro Valley and Eden Consolidated FD, and the County Fire Patrol. San Leandro joined in 1995, Dublin in 1997, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 2002, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 2007, The Alameda County Regional Emergency Communications Center in 2008, and Newark and Union City in 2010. Emeryville joined the ACFD in 2012.

The Alameda County Water District is a special district within Alameda County created to distribute water, but it is not operated by Alameda County administrators. It is operated by an elected board of directors.

Alameda County Superior Court operates in twelve separate locations throughout the county, with its central René C. Davidson Courthouse located in Oakland near Lake Merritt. Most major criminal trials and complex civil cases are heard at this location or in courtrooms within the County Administration Building across the street.

State and federal representation

In the California State Assembly, Alameda County is split between five districts:

• {{cite web |access-date=November 4, 2025

In the California State Senate, the county is split between four districts:

• {{cite web |access-date=November 4, 2025

In the United States House of Representatives, the county is split between four districts:

Politics

Since 1932, Alameda County has been a stronghold of the Democratic Party, with Dwight Eisenhower being the only Republican presidential nominee to have carried the county since. Prior to 1932, the county had been a Republican stronghold. Piedmont resident William F. Knowland was the Republican U.S. Senate Leader from 1953 to 1959. Even when Ronald Reagan won the national popular vote by an 18.3% margin in 1984, Walter Mondale won Alameda County by a larger margin. In 2004 it voted for John Kerry, who won over 75% of the vote. Every city and town voted Democratic. George H.W. Bush in 1988 was the last Republican to break 30% of the county's vote and Ronald Reagan in 1984 was the last to break 40% of the vote (carrying 40.01%).

On November 4, 2008, Alameda County voted 61.92% against Proposition 8, which won statewide, and which amended the California Constitution to ban same-sex marriage. The county garnered the sixth highest "no" vote, by percentage, of all California counties, and was the second largest county, by total voter turnout, to vote against it.

Voter registration statistics as of October 24, 2022

Cities by population and voter registration

Geography and climate

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 821 sqmi, of which 739 sqmi is land and 82 sqmi (10%) is water. The San Francisco Bay borders the county on the west.

The crest of the Berkeley Hills forms part of the northeastern boundary and reaches into the center of the county. A coastal plain several miles wide lines the bay; and is Oakland's most populous region. Livermore Valley lies in the eastern part of the county. Amador Valley abuts the western edge of Livermore Valley and continues west to the Pleasanton Ridge. The ridges and valleys of the Diablo Range, containing the county's highest peaks, cover the very sparsely populated southeast portion of the county.

The Hayward Fault, a major branch of the San Andreas Fault to the west, runs through the most populated parts of Alameda County, while the Calaveras Fault runs through the southeastern part of the county.

The areas near the Bay itself have a maritime warm-summer Mediterranean climate, whereas behind the mountains, summers are significantly warmer. The climate charts below are for Oakland and inland Livermore.

| Jan record high F = 78 | Feb record high F = 82 | Mar record high F = 88 | Apr record high F = 97 | May record high F = 105 | Jun record high F = 106 | Jul record high F = 103 | Aug record high F = 99 | Sep record high F = 109 | Oct record high F = 103 | Nov record high F = 84 | Dec record high F = 75 | year record high F = 109 | Jan avg record high F = 67.0 | Feb avg record high F = 72.4 | Mar avg record high F = 75.9 | Apr avg record high F = 82.8 | May avg record high F = 85.5 | Jun avg record high F = 89.1 | Jul avg record high F = 87.3 | Aug avg record high F = 88.7 | Sep avg record high F = 89.7 | Oct avg record high F = 87.8 | Nov avg record high F = 75.8 | Dec avg record high F = 66.5 | year avg record high F = 94.7 | Jan avg record low F = 38.0 | Feb avg record low F = 40.0 | Mar avg record low F = 42.2 | Apr avg record low F = 45.2 | May avg record low F = 49.1 | Jun avg record low F = 51.9 | Jul avg record low F = 54.0 | Aug avg record low F = 55.5 | Sep avg record low F = 53.8 | Oct avg record low F = 49.0 | Nov avg record low F = 41.6 | Dec avg record low F = 37.3 | year avg record low F = 36.0 | Jan record low F = 30 | Feb record low F = 29 | Mar record low F = 34 | Apr record low F = 37 | May record low F = 43 | Jun record low F = 48 | Jul record low F = 51 | Aug record low F = 50 | Sep record low F = 48 | Oct record low F = 43 | Nov record low F = 36 | Dec record low F = 26 | year record low F = 26

|Jan record high F = 77 |Feb record high F = 80 |Mar record high F = 88 |Apr record high F = 96 |May record high F = 108 |Jun record high F = 113 |Jul record high F = 113 |Aug record high F = 112 |Sep record high F = 115 |Oct record high F = 106 |Nov record high F = 93 |Dec record high F = 79 |year record high F= 113 |Jan avg record high F=66.9 |Feb avg record high F=71.4 |Mar avg record high F=77.9 |Apr avg record high F=85.8 |May avg record high F=94.3 |Jun avg record high F=102.0 |Jul avg record high F=104.3 |Aug avg record high F=102.8 |Sep avg record high F=101.2 |Oct avg record high F=92.6 |Nov avg record high F=79.0 |Dec avg record high F=67.8 |year avg record high F=106.3 |Jan avg record low F=26.4 |Feb avg record low F=29.5 |Mar avg record low F=32.1 |Apr avg record low F=34.9 |May avg record low F=39.3 |Jun avg record low F=44.4 |Jul avg record low F=47.7 |Aug avg record low F=47.8 |Sep avg record low F=44.5 |Oct avg record low F=38.3 |Nov avg record low F=30.5 |Dec avg record low F=26.7 |year avg record low F=24.5 |Jan record low F = 18 |Feb record low F = 21 |Mar record low F = 22 |Apr record low F = 29 |May record low F = 32 |Jun record low F = 38 |Jul record low F = 36 |Aug record low F = 36 |Sep record low F = 35 |Oct record low F = 29 |Nov record low F = 22 |Dec record low F = 18 |year record low F= 18

Adjacent counties

The City and County of San Francisco, California, borders the county on the west, and has a small land border with the city of Alameda, California due to land filling.

Santa Clara County borders the county on the south.

San Joaquin County borders the county on the east.

Contra Costa County borders the county on the north.

Stanislaus County borders the county on the easternmost end of its southern boundary for 250 ft.

National protected area

• Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge (part)

Demographics

|align-fn=center 1790–1960 1900–1990 1990–2000 2010 2020

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 1,682,353. The median age was 37.7 years, 20.4% of residents were under the age of 18, and 14.3% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 96.1 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 94.0 males age 18 and over.

The racial makeup of the county was 31.1% White, 9.8% Black or African American, 1.2% American Indian and Alaska Native, 32.4% Asian, 0.8% Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, 13.3% from some other race, and 11.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race comprised 23.4% of the population. The 2020 census shows Alameda as having one of the highest Asian percentages and being one of two counties in the continental US, along with neighboring Santa Clara County, California, to have an Asian plurality - consisting largely of Chinese, Indian and Filipino ancestry.

99.5% of residents lived in urban areas, while 0.5% lived in rural areas.

There were 591,636 households in the county, of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them and 26.5% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. About 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

There were 621,958 housing units, of which 4.9% were vacant. Among occupied housing units, 51.8% were owner-occupied and 48.2% were renter-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.8% and the rental vacancy rate was 4.8%.

2014

A 2014 analysis by The Atlantic found Alameda County to be the fourth most racially diverse county in the United States, in terms of closest to equal representation of each racial and ethnic group,—behind Aleutians West Census Area and Aleutians East Borough in Alaska, and Queens County in New York—as well as the most diverse county in California.

2010 census

The 2010 United States census reported that Alameda County had a population of 1,510,271. The population density was 2,047.6 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Alameda County was 649,122 (43.0%) White, 190,451 (12.6%) African American, 9,799 (0.6%) Native American, 394,560 (26.1%) Asian (9.7% Chinese, 5.5% Filipino, 4.8% Indian, 2.0% Vietnamese, 1.2% Korean, 0.8% Japanese, 2.2% Other Asian), 12,802 (0.8%) Pacific Islander, 162,540 (10.8%) from other races, and 90,997 (6.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 339,889 persons (22.5%): 16.4% Mexican, 0.8% Puerto Rican, 0.2% Cuban, 5.1% Other Hispanic.

|}

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,443,741 people, 523,366 households, out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living within them, 47.0% married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.2% were non-families. 26.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.31.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 33.9% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 96.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.00 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $55,946, and the median income for a family was $65,857 (these figures had risen to $66,430 and $81,341 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $47,425 versus $36,921 for females. The per capita income for the county was $26,680. About 7.7% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.5% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.

In 2000, the largest denominational group was the Catholics (with 306,437 adherents). The largest religious bodies were the Catholic Church (with 306,437 members) and Judaism (with 32,500 members).

2024 United States Census Bureau American Community Survey estimates

According to 2024 US Census Bureau estimates, Alameda County's population was 28.0% White (26.1% Non-Hispanic White and 1.9% Hispanic White), 9.4% Black or African American, 34.1% Asian, 14.1% Some Other Race, 1.2% Native American and Alaskan Native, 0.8% Pacific Islander and 14.1% from two or more races.

Asian Americans are the largest racial/ethnic group at 33.9% (excluding Asian Hispanics).

The White population is the second largest racial category in Alameda County and includes the 8.1% of Hispanics who self-identify as White. The remainder of Hispanics self-identify as Other Race (57.3%), Multiracial (27.9%), American Indian and Alaskan Native (4.4%), Black (1.1%), Asian (0.9%), and Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (0.2%).

The Black population continues to decline and at 9.1% (excluding Black Hispanics) The Black population peaked in the 1980 Census at 18.4%. Alameda county has the 2nd highest percentage of Black residents in California after Solano County at 13.4%.

White Non-Hispanic Americans are the largest minority group at 23.6% of the population.

By ethnicity, 23.6% of the total population is Hispanic-Latino (of any race) and 77.7% is Non-Hispanic (of any race). If treated as a category separate from race, Hispanics are the third largest minority group in Alameda County.

2018 American Community Survey

If Hispanics are treated as a separate category from race, Alameda County's population was 30.4% White, 30.9% Asian, 22.3% Hispanic-Latino, 10.3% Black or African American, 0.5% Some Other Race, 0.3% Native American and Alaskan Native, 0.8% Pacific Islander and 4.4% from two or more races.

The largest ancestry group of Hispanics in Alameda County (2018) are of Mexican descent (72.9% of Hispanics) followed by Salvadoran descent (5.5% of Hispanics), Guatemalan descent (3.9%), Puerto Rican descent (3.4%), Spaniard descent (2.0%), Nicaraguan descent (1.7%), Peruvian descent (1.4%), Cuban descent (1.2%), Colombian descent (1.1%), and those of other Hispanic ethnicity or of mixed Hispanic ethnicity (6.9%).

Crime

The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense.

Cities by population and crime rates

Education

The Alameda County Office of Education oversees seventeen K–12 school districts and one K–8 district in Alameda County. In all, there are approximately 10,000 teachers serving 225,000 students. The ACOE also services three community college districts with a total enrollment of approximately 55,000 students.

The Alameda County Library operates libraries in the cities of Albany, Dublin, Fremont, Newark and Union City and the unincorporated communities of Castro Valley and San Lorenzo. The cities of Alameda, Berkeley, Hayward, Livermore, Oakland, San Leandro, and Pleasanton have their own library systems.

Colleges and universities

Alameda County is home to the University of California, Berkeley, the flagship campus of the University of California system, and one of the largest and most prestigious research universities in the world.

Other colleges and universities located within Alameda county include:

• Berkeley City College
• California State University, East Bay, one of the campuses of the California State University system
• Chabot College, a two-year community college, part of the Chabot-Las Positas Community College District
• College of Alameda, a two-year community college, part of the Peralta Community College District of northern Alameda County
• Graduate Theological Union, a consortium of several Bay Area seminaries, affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley.
• Laney College, a two-year community college, part of the Peralta Community College system
• Las Positas College
• Merritt College, a two-year community college, part of the Peralta Community College system
• Mills College at Northeastern University, a private 4 year women's college and coeducational graduate school
• Ohlone College, part of the Ohlone Community College District
• Samuel Merritt University

Other local colleges and universities which have now closed include:

• SAE Expression College, a for-profit school specializing in creative media
• Holy Names University

Public schools

;School districts

K–12 unified school districts:

• Alameda Unified School District
• Albany Unified School District
• Berkeley Unified School District
• Castro Valley Unified School District
• Dublin Unified School District
• Emery Unified School District
• Fremont Unified School District
• Hayward Unified School District
• Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District
• New Haven Unified School District
• Newark Unified School District
• Oakland Unified School District
• Piedmont Unified School District
• Pleasanton Unified School District
• San Leandro Unified School District
• San Lorenzo Unified School District
• Sunol Glen Unified School District

Others:

• Lammersville Joint Unified School District (high)
• Mountain House Elementary School District (elementary)

; State-operated schools

• California School for the Blind
• California School for the Deaf, Riverside

Arts

The Alameda County Arts Commission, a division of the county administration, under the California Arts Council, was created in 1965. Its fifteen appointed members act in an advisory capacity to the board of supervisors, in promoting the arts. The Oakland Museum of California has a substantial collection of California art works and historical artifacts.

Sports

The following sports teams play in Alameda County:

Events

The annual county fair is held at the Alameda County Fairgrounds in Pleasanton. The fair runs for four weekends from June to July. Attractions include horse racing, carnival rides, 4-H exhibits, and live bands.

Parks and recreation

There are more than 350 parks located within the county. The East Bay Regional Park District operates within Alameda and neighboring Contra Costa County, with numerous parks within the county, including Tilden Regional Park, Redwood Regional Park, Anthony Chabot Regional Park, Coyote Hills Regional Park, Ardenwood Historic Farm, Pleasanton Ridge Regional Park and Vargas Plateau Regional Park. Eastshore State Park is located partially along the bay shore of northern Alameda County. The San Francisco Bay Trail, a project of the Association of Bay Area Governments, will run along the bay shore of the county. The Hayward Area Recreation and Park District is the largest special park district in California.

Transportation

Major highways

Mass transit

Rail

• Altamont Corridor Express (ACE) – commuter rail using existing railroad tracks; primarily brings commuters from San Joaquin County to Santa Clara County
• Amtrak
  • California Zephyr – intercity train route running between Emeryville and Chicago.
  • Capitol Corridor – commuter rail using existing railroad tracks, extending from San Jose to Sacramento, running through western Alameda County
  • Coast Starlight – intercity train route running between Los Angeles and Seattle via Oakland and Emeryville
  • Gold Runner – Amtrak route between Oakland and Bakersfield through Fresno and the Central Valley
• Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) – rapid transit commuter rail centered on northwest Oakland, primarily serving commuters to downtown San Francisco and downtown Oakland
• Valley Link – planned commuter rail running between the Tri-Valley and San Joaquin County (expected to commence in 2028)

Bus

• AC Transit – local bus system in western Alameda County and west Contra Costa County, with additional service across the three bridges from Alameda County to downtown San Francisco, San Mateo, and Palo Alto
• WHEELS – bus system in the cities of southeastern Alameda County
• Union City Transit – local city bus service within Union City in addition to AC Transit
• Emery-Go-Round – free bus service in Emeryville
• Dumbarton Express – additional service across the Dumbarton Bridge between Fremont and Palo Alto
• Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) – commuter service between southern Alameda county and job centers in the Silicon Valley

Ferry

• Alameda / Oakland Ferry and Harbor Bay Ferry – connect Oakland, Alameda, and Bay Farm Island with downtown San Francisco

Airports

The main airport is the Oakland San Francisco Bay Airport, with two general aviation airports, the Hayward Executive Airport and Livermore Municipal Airport.

Services

Alameda Health System operates the public health system in Alameda County. It operates five hospitals (Alameda Hospital, Fairmont Hospital, Highland Hospital, John George Psychiatric Hospital, and San Leandro Hospital), and four primary care medical clinics (called ambulatory wellness centers) within the county.

The Alameda County Community Food Bank nonprofit provides food bank resources to residents. The Family Emergency Shelter Coalition coordinates services for homeless families.

Landmarks

Alameda County has eight National Historic Landmarks: The Abbey, Joaquin Miller House, First Church of Christ, Scientist, USS Hornet (CVS-12) (aircraft carrier), Lake Merritt Wild Duck Refuge, Lightship WAL-605, Relief, Paramount Theatre, Potomac (Presidential yacht), and Room 307, Gilman Hall, University of California. The county has a large number of National Historic Places, as well as a number of California Historical Landmarks.

Sister counties

Alameda has two sister county: Taoyuan County, Taiwan (now Taoyuan City) and Zhongshan in China.

Communities

Cities

Census-designated places

Ashland Castro Valley Cherryland Fairview San Lorenzo Sunol

Unincorporated communities

• Altamont
• Brightside
• Carpenter
• Dougherty
• Dresser
• East Pleasanton
• Hayward Acres
• Kilkare Woods
• Komandorski Village
• Mendenhall Springs
• Midway
• Mountain House
• Mowry Landing
• San Ramon Village
• Scotts Corner
• Verona

Former townships

• Oakland Township – the northern portion subsequently became the cities of Berkeley and Albany.
• Alameda Township – now essentially coterminous with the City of Alameda.
• Brooklyn Township – mostly contained within Oakland and Piedmont.
• Eden Township – partly incorporated into San Leandro and Hayward, the rest contains the communities of Castro Valley, San Lorenzo, and other unincorporated areas.
• Washington Township – contains Union City, Newark, Fremont, and small unincorporated areas nearby.
• Murray Township — Contains cities of Dublin, Pleasanton, and Livermore, and substantial unincorporated areas including Sunol.

Population ranking

The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Alameda County.

† county seat

Notes

References

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