Aesculus hippocastanum

Description

Aesculus hippocastanum is a large tree, growing to about 39 m tall Usually only 1–5 fruits develop on each panicle. The shell is a green, spiky capsule containing one (rarely two or three) nut-like seeds called conkers or horse-chestnuts. Each conker is 2 – in diameter, glossy nut-brown with a whitish scar at the base.

Etymology

The common name horse chestnut originates from the similarity of the leaves and fruits to sweet chestnuts, Castanea sativa (a tree in a different family, the Fagaceae),

Although it is sometimes known as buckeye, for the resemblance of the seed to a deer's eye, the term buckeye is more commonly used for New World members of the genus Aesculus, such as Aesculus glabra.

Distribution and habitat

The native distribution of Aesculus hippocastanum given by different sources varies. , Plants of the World Online considered it to be native to the Balkans (Albania, Bulgaria, Greece and former Yugoslavia), but also to Turkey and Turkmenistan. A 2017 assessment for the IUCN Red List restricted the native distribution to the Balkan area: Albania, Bulgaria, mainland Greece and North Macedonia. and Gästrikland in Sweden as well as in many parks and cities around the northern US and Canada such as Edmonton in Alberta, Canada.

The compact native population of horse chestnut in Bulgaria is distinct from the horse chestnut forests of northern Greece, western North Macedonia and Albania. It is limited to an area of 9 ha in the Preslav Mountain north of the Balkan Mountains, in the valleys of the Dervishka and Lazarska rivers. Bulgaria's relict horse chestnut forests are critically endangered at the national level and protected as part of the Dervisha Managed Nature Reserve.

Uses

It is widely cultivated in streets and parks throughout the temperate world, and has been particularly successful in places like Ireland, Great Britain and New Zealand, where it is commonly found in parks, streets and avenues. Cultivation for its spectacular spring flowers is successful in a wide range of temperate climatic conditions provided summers are not too hot, with trees being grown as far north as Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, the Faroe Islands, Reykjavík, Iceland and Harstad, Norway.

In Britain and Ireland, the seeds are used for the popular children's game conkers. During the First World War, there was a campaign to ask for everyone (including children) to collect the seeds and donate them to the government. The conkers were used as a source of starch for fermentation using the Clostridium acetobutylicum method devised by Chaim Weizmann to produce acetone for use as a solvent for the production of cordite, which was then used in military armaments. Weizmann's process could use any source of starch, but the government chose to ask for conkers to avoid causing starvation by depleting food sources. But conkers were found to be a poor source, and the factory only produced acetone for three months; however, they were collected again in the Second World War for the same reason.

The seeds, especially those that are young and fresh, are slightly poisonous, containing alkaloid saponins and glucosides. Although not dangerous to touch, they cause sickness when eaten; consumed by horses, they can cause tremors and lack of coordination.

The horse-chestnut is a favorite subject for bonsai.

Though the seeds are said to repel spiders, there is little evidence to support these claims. The presence of saponin may repel insects, but it is not clear whether this is effective on spiders.

Aesculus hippocastanum is affected by the leaf-mining moth Cameraria ohridella, whose larvae feed on horse chestnut leaves. The moth was described from North Macedonia where the species was discovered in 1984 but took 18 years to reach Britain.

In Germany, they are commonly planted in beer gardens, particularly in Bavaria. Prior to the advent of mechanical refrigeration, brewers would dig cellars for lagering. To further protect the cellars from the summer heat, they would plant horse chestnut trees, which have spreading, dense canopies but shallow roots which would not intrude on the caverns. The practice of serving beer at these sites evolved into the modern beer garden.

An inexpensive detergent for washing clothes can be made at home from conkers, and this is said to be an environmentally benign ('eco-friendly') detergent.

Traditional medicine and research

The seed extract standardized to around 20 percent aescin (escin) is possibly useful in traditional medicine for its effect on venous tone.

A 2012 Cochrane Review of low-quality studies suggested that horse chestnut seed extract may be an efficacious and safe short-term treatment for chronic venous insufficiency, but definitive randomized controlled trials had not been conducted to confirm the efficacy.

Safety

There is risk of acute kidney injury, "when patients, who had undergone cardiac surgery were given high doses of horse chestnut extract i.v. for postoperative oedema. The phenomenon was dose dependent as no alteration in kidney function was recorded with 340 μg/kg, mild kidney function impairment developed with 360 μg/kg and acute kidney injury with 510 μg/kg".

Raw horse chestnut seed, leaf, bark and flower are toxic due to the presence of aesculin and should not be ingested. Horse chestnut seed is classified by the FDA as an unsafe herb. The glycoside and saponin constituents are considered toxic.

Diseases

• Bleeding canker. Half of all horse-chestnuts in Great Britain are now showing symptoms to some degree of this potentially lethal bacterial infection.{{cite web|title=Extent of the bleeding canker of horse chestnut problem |url= http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/website/forestresearch.nsf/ByUnique/INFD-6KYBN2|publisher=UK Forestry Commission|access-date=2010-01-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091209155126/http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/website/forestresearch.nsf/ByUnique/INFD-6KYBN2 |archive-date= 2009-12-09}}
• Guignardia leaf blotch, caused by the fungus Guignardia aesculi
• Wood rotting fungi such as Armillaria and Ganoderma
• Horse chestnut scale, caused by the insect Pulvinaria regalis
• Horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella, a leaf mining moth. The larvae of this moth species bore through the leaves of the horse chestnut, causing premature colour changes and leaf loss.
• Phytophthora bleeding canker, a fungal infection

Anne Frank tree

Main article: Anne Frank tree

A horse-chestnut tree stood outside the window of the "secret annex" in the centre of Amsterdam, which Anne Frank mentioned in her diary; the tree survived until August 2010, when a heavy wind blew it over. Eleven young specimens, sprouted from seeds from this tree, were transported to the United States. After a long quarantine in Indianapolis, each tree was shipped off to a new home at a notable museum or institution in the US, such as 9/11 Memorial Park, Little Rock Central High School, and two Holocaust Centers. One of them was planted outdoors in March 2013 in front of The Children's Museum of Indianapolis, where they were originally quarantined.

Symbol of Kyiv

The horse chestnut tree is one of the symbols of Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine.

References

References

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